. 2022 Dec 29;57(2):884–895. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03646

Table 1. Health Impacts for Urban versus Rural Populations.

		deaths per megatonne^a			^b
mode	n (number of O–D pairs)	urban	rural	combined	percentage urban-impact routes (%)^b
truck	16,293	0.27	0.30	0.57	32
rail	4875	0.37	0.42	0.79	32
barge	732	0.19	0.26	0.45	19
aircraft	7913	0.72	0.40	1.11	85

Overall average for that mode (“combined”), subdivided into impacts to urban and rural populations. Values reflect, where the impacts occur (urban versus rural), attributable to total emissions. Numbers given here might not sum because of rounding.

Percent of O–D pairs for which health impacts are greater in urban than in rural areas.