Table 1.
Novel experimental studies on the application of iontophoresis to ocular lesions.
| Type of ocular diseases | Route | Drug | Experimental animals | Disease models | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DED | Transcorneal | Iodide, Dex-Phos | Human | Human diseases | (Horwath-Winter et al., 2005; Patane et al., 2011) |
| Pathologic myopia | Transscleral | Riboflavin, UVA SXL (i-ASXL) | Rabbits | Relatively stable myopia by visual deprivation | (Rong et al., 2017) |
| Uveitis | Transcorneal or Transscleral | Dex-Phos, ODNs, L-NAME | Rat, Human | EIU, Human diseases | (Behar-Cohen et al., 1997; 1998; Voigt, de Kozak, et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2012) |
| Herpes simplex infections | Transcorneal or Transscleral | ACV-X prodrugs | Rabbits | HSV-1 McKrae strain induced eye inflammation | (Chen & Kalia, 2018) |
| Noninfectious scleritis | Transscleral | Dex-Phos | Human | Human diseases | (O’Neil et al., 2018) |
| DR | Transscleral | Insulin, bevacizumab | Rat | STZ induced diabetic, human diseases | (Koevary et al., 2002; Pescina et al., 2010) |
| Rb | Transscleral | Carboplatin | Mouse | The LHBETATAG model of Rb | (Hayden et al., 2006) |
| CMVR | Transscleral | Ganciclovir, foscarnet | Human | Human diseases | (Lam et al., 1994; Port et al., 2017; Chaudhry & Fung, 2021) |
| CNV | Transscleral | Bevacizumab | Rabbits | Adeno-associated virus encoding human VEGF-165 induced CNV | (Molokhia et al., 2020) |
Abbreviations: DED, dry eye disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; Rb, retinoblastoma; CMVR, cytomegalovirus retinitis; CNV, choroidal neovascularization; Dex-Phos(EGP-437), dexamethasone phosphate; ODNs, anti-sense oligonucleotides; UVA, ultraviolet A; SXL, scleral collagen cross-linking; i-ASXL = iontophoresis-assisted accelerated riboflavin/UVA SXL; L-NAME, n′-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; ACV-X, acyclovir (X = Arg, Gly and Trp); EIU, endotoxin-induced-uveitis; HSV, herpes simplex virus; STZ, streptozotocin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.