Table 1.

Novel experimental studies on the application of iontophoresis to ocular lesions.

Type of ocular diseases	Route	Drug	Experimental animals	Disease models	Reference
DED	Transcorneal	Iodide, Dex-Phos	Human	Human diseases	(Horwath-Winter et al., 2005; Patane et al., 2011)
Pathologic myopia	Transscleral	Riboflavin, UVA SXL (i-ASXL)	Rabbits	Relatively stable myopia by visual deprivation	(Rong et al., 2017)
Uveitis	Transcorneal or Transscleral	Dex-Phos, ODNs, L-NAME	Rat, Human	EIU, Human diseases	(Behar-Cohen et al., 1997; 1998; Voigt, de Kozak, et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2012)
Herpes simplex infections	Transcorneal or Transscleral	ACV-X prodrugs	Rabbits	HSV-1 McKrae strain induced eye inflammation	(Chen & Kalia, 2018)
Noninfectious scleritis	Transscleral	Dex-Phos	Human	Human diseases	(O’Neil et al., 2018)
DR	Transscleral	Insulin, bevacizumab	Rat	STZ induced diabetic, human diseases	(Koevary et al., 2002; Pescina et al., 2010)
Rb	Transscleral	Carboplatin	Mouse	The LHBETATAG model of Rb	(Hayden et al., 2006)
CMVR	Transscleral	Ganciclovir, foscarnet	Human	Human diseases	(Lam et al., 1994; Port et al., 2017; Chaudhry & Fung, 2021)
CNV	Transscleral	Bevacizumab	Rabbits	Adeno-associated virus encoding human VEGF-165 induced CNV	(Molokhia et al., 2020)

Abbreviations: DED, dry eye disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; Rb, retinoblastoma; CMVR, cytomegalovirus retinitis; CNV, choroidal neovascularization; Dex-Phos(EGP-437), dexamethasone phosphate; ODNs, anti-sense oligonucleotides; UVA, ultraviolet A; SXL, scleral collagen cross-linking; i-ASXL = iontophoresis-assisted accelerated riboflavin/UVA SXL; L-NAME, n′-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; ACV-X, acyclovir (X = Arg, Gly and Trp); EIU, endotoxin-induced-uveitis; HSV, herpes simplex virus; STZ, streptozotocin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.