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. 2022 Jun 9;19(2):401–414. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2084862

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 1. — The generation and elimination of mitochondria ROS. In the cytosol, NADPH is primarily produced by G6PD in the glycolysis pathway. The cytosolic and mitochondrial NADPH is exchanged through two shuttles. NOXs transports electrons to oxygen from NADPH to produce superoxide free radical which was converted by SOD (SOD2 in mitochondria) to hydrogen peroxide, and finally converted by catalase to harmless H₂O. Mitochondrial ROS are produced from the leakage of electrons to form superoxide at complex I and complex III in the electron transport chain. Mitochondria utilize oxygen to generate ATP through OXPHOS. Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CAT: catalase; ETC: electron transport chain; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; MA/G3P: the malate-aspartate (MA) and the glycerol-3-phosphate(G3P) shuttle; NOX: NADPH oxidase; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.