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. 2022 Jun 9;19(2):401–414. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2084862

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 3. — PRKN-independent mitophagy. Receptor mediated mitophagy: BNIP3, BNIP3L and FUNDC1, are OMM receptors containing an LIR-domain that directly binds to LC3 proteins to recruit the phagophore to the damaged mitochondria and leading to its degradation; cardiolipin-mediated mitophagy: IMM CL can be translocated to the OMM through the action of PLSCR3. Once at the OMM, CL binds to LC3A to recruit the phagophore and to remove the damaged mitochondria; Ubiquitin mediated mitophagy: Some proteins have E3 ubiquitin ligases activities which can be located at damaged mitochondria to ubiquitinate OMM proteins, and subsequently recruit the phagophore to damaged mitochondria. Abbreviations: BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CL: cardiolipin; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; E3: enzyme 3; IMM: inner mitochondrial membranes; OMM: outer mitochondrial membranes; LIR: LC3-interacting region; PLSCR3: phospholipid scramblase 3.