TABLE 2.

Characteristics of law enforcement officer and correctional officer literature

	Occupation	Study type	Study design	Exposure	Outcome
Amendola et al.127a	LEO	EXP	Randomized block	Working hours	Sleep, fatigue, work performance, psychosocial stress, chronic disease
Andersen and Papazoglou128	LEO	REV	Review	LEO occupation	Psychosocial stress
Angehrn et al.129b	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep	Psychosocial stress
Boivin et al.130a	LEO	EXP	Longitudinal	Phototherapy, shielding from morning light, regular sleep/darkness episode in day	Sleep
Bringas-Molleda et al.131	CO	OBS	Cross sectional	Psychosocial stress	Psychosocial stress
Brower132	CO	REV	Review	CO occupation	Sleep, psychosocial stress
Buden et al.133	CO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
Burnett et al.134	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Psychosocial stress
Charles et al.135	LEO	OBS	Longitudinal	Working hours	Chronic disease
Charles et al.136	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
Christopher et al.137a	LEO	EXP	Randomized controlled trial	Mindfulness training	Psychosocial stress
Dietch et al.138c	LEO	OBS	Longitudinal	Occupational trauma	Sleep, psychosocial stress
Elliott and Lal139	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
Everding et al.140	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep quality	Fatigue, psychosocial stress, chronic disease
Fekedulegn et al.141	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Fatigue	Injury
Ferdik and Smith142	CO	REV	Review	CO occupation	Work performance
Fikenzer et al.143	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Risk factors	Chronic disease
Garbarino and Magnavita144	LEO	OBS	Prospective cohort study	Occupational stress, sleep	Chronic disease
Garbarino et al.145	LEO	REV	Systematic review/meta-analysis	LEO occupation	Sleep
Grant et al.146	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	LEO occupation	Psychosocial stress
Grupe et al.147a	LEO	QEXP	Feasibility study, intervention	Mindfulness training	Psychosocial stress
Hartley et al.148	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	LEO occupation	Chronic disease
Holst et al.149	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
James and Vila 150	LEO	EXP	Controlled experiment	Working hours, fatigue	Work performance
James et al.151a	CO	QEXP	Pretest posttest	Fatigue management training	Sleep
James et al.152	LEO	OBS	Repeated measures	Distracted driving	Work performance
James et al.153	CO	OBS	Cross sectional	CO occupation	Sleep
James et al.154	CO	OBS	Cross sectional	CO occupation	Psychosocial stress
Koshy et al.155	LEO	OBS	Longitudinal	Working hours	Sleep
Kuehl et al.156a	LEO	EXP	Randomized prospective trial	Health and safety program	Sleep, injury, chronic disease
Lees et al.157	LEO	REV	Systematic review	LEO occupation	Sleep, fatigue, psychosocial stress
Ma et al.18	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep	Chronic disease
Ma et al.158	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Occupational stress	Sleep
Ma et al.159	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep	Chronic disease
Ma et al.160	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep	Chronic disease
Monaghan et al.161a	LEO	EXP	Randomized, blinded, crossover	Energy beverage	Work performance
NLEOMF162	LEO	DESC	Descriptive	LEO occupation	Injury
Neil-Sztramko et al.163	LEO	REV	Review	Working hours	Chronic disease
Peterson et al.164	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours, sleep	Psychosocial stress
Purba and Demou 165	LEO	REV	Systematic review	LEO occupation	Psychosocial stress
Rajaratnam et al.166	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional and longitudinal	Sleep	Work performance
Ramey et al.167	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Perceived stress, vital exhaustion	Chronic disease
Ramey et al.168	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Sleep
Ramey et al.169	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours, perceived stress	Chronic disease
Riedy et al.170	LEO	OBS	Longitudinal	Working hours, sleep, fatigue	Work performance
Riedy et al.171	LEO	OBS	Modeling, repeated measures	LEO occupation	Sleep
Senjo20	LEO	OBS	Triangulated (data, surveys, personal interviews)	Working hours	Fatigue
Swenson et al.172	CO	REV	Review	CO occupation	Sleep, fatigue, work performance
Taylor et al.173	LEO	OBS	Repeated measures	Working hours	Sleep, work performance
Tiesman et al.174	LEO	OBS	Retrospective	LEO occupation	Injury
Torres and Kim175	LEO	REV	Review	LEO occupation	Work performance
Vena et al.176	LEO	OBS	Retrospective cohort mortality	LEO occupation	Chronic disease
Violanti et al.177	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
Violanti et al.178	LEO	OBS	Retrospective	Working hours	Injury
Violanti et al.179	LEO	OBS	Retrospective	Working hours	Injury
Waggoner et al.180	LEO	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Work performance
Wirth et al.181	LEO	REV	Review	LEO occupation	Chronic disease
Zimmerman182	LEO	REV	Review	LEO occupation	Chronic disease

Note: The occupational titles in our search were largely based on American vernacular to focus on working populations in the United States, although relevant international literature was also identified and included.

Abbreviations: CO, correctional officer; DESC, descriptive; EXP, experimental; LEO, law enforcement officer; NLEOMF, National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund; OBS, observational; QEXP, quasi-experimental; REV, review.

^aStudy describes mitigation strategies and/or interventions.

^bParticipants were 52% law enforcement officers, 15% firefighters, 14% correctional workers, 14% paramedics, and 5% communications officials.

^cParticipants were 63% current or former police. Other participants were World Trade Center responders not identified by occupation.