TABLE 3.

Characteristics of emergency medical services literature

	Occupation	Study type	Study design	Exposure	Outcome
Bentley et al.183	EMS	OBS	Cross-sectional, case–control analysis	Work in EMS	Psychosocial stress
Buleon et al.184a	EMS	EXP	Randomized controlled crossover	Real-time feedback device on chest compression	Work performance
Cash et al.185	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	EMS certification level	Sleep, psychosocial stress
Dawson et al.186	EMS	REV	Review	EMS occupation	Sleep, fatigue
Donnelly et al.187	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours, fatigue	Work performance, injury
Fjeldheim et al.188	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Risk and resilience factors	Psychosocial stress
Flaa et al.189	EMS	OBS	Repeated measures	Working hours	Sleep
Guyette et al.190	EMS	QEXP	Pretest-posttest	Working hours	Fatigue, work performance
Khan et al.191	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Sleep, psychosocial stress
Kovic et al.192a	EMS	EXP	Randomized crossover trial	CPR device	Fatigue
Maguire and Smith193	EMS	OBS	Retrospective cohort	EMS occupation	njury
Martin-Gill et al.194	EMS	REV	Systematic review/meta-analysis	EMS occupation	Sleep, fatigue, work performance, injury, chronic disease
Neufeld et al.195	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Chronic disease
Nosker et al.196	EMS	OBS	Validation study	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Patterson et al.13	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	EMS occupation	Sleep, fatigue
Patterson et al.12	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Sleep, fatigue	Work performance, injury
Patterson et al.197a	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Sleep, fatigue
Patterson et al.14a	EMS	EXP	Randomized controlled trial	Text-message fatigue reduction tool	Fatigue
Patterson et al.198a	EMS	REV	Review	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Patterson et al.199	EMS	REV	Systematic review	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Patterson et al.11	EMS	REV	Systematic review	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Patterson et al.200	EMS	REV	Systematic review	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Patterson et al.201a	EMS	EXP	Randomized controlled trial	Text-message fatigue reduction tool	Fatigue
Patterson et. al.202	EMS	OBS	Prospective observational cohort	Working hours	Work performance
Patterson et al.203	EMS	REV	Systematic review/meta-analysis	EMS occupation	Chronic disease
Patterson et al.204	EMS	OBS	Observational	Working hours	Chronic disease
Reichard et al.205	EMS	OBS	Descriptive	EMS occupation	Injury
Shriane et al.206	EMS	OBS	Cross sectional	Working hours	Sleep
Studnek et al.207	EMS	REV	Systematic review	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Suminska et al.208b	FF, EMS	OBS	Longitudinal	Working hours	Work performance
Temple et al.209a	EMS	REV	Systematic review/meta-analysis	EMS occupation	Fatigue
Weaver et al.210	EMS	OBS	Retrospective cohort	Working hours	Injury
Weaver et al.17	EMS	OBS	Retrospective cohort	Working hours	Injury

Note: The occupational titles in our search were largely based on American vernacular to focus on working populations in the United States, although relevant international literature was also identified and included.

Abbreviations: EMS, emergency medical services; EXP, experimental; OBS, observational; QEXP, quasi-experimental; REV, review.

^aStudy describes mitigation strategies and/or interventions.

^bParticipants were 53% EMS and 47% FFs.