Table 1.
Clinical Demographics Stratified by Metabolic Status
| HIV‐positive individuals | N | Nondiabetic, N=37 | Prediabetic, N=36 | Diabetic, N=32 | Combined, N=105 | Test statistic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 105 | 45 [37–52] | 44 [37–57] | 54 [48–58] | 48 [38–56] | 0.007* |
| Race: White | 0.6524/37 | 0.5018/36 | 0.4414/32 | 0.5356/105 | 0.4 | |
| Race: Black | 0.3011/37 | 0.4215/36 | 0.4715/32 | 0.3941/105 | ||
| Sex: Male | 105 | 0.8130/37 | 0.7828/36 | 0.6922/32 | 0.7680/105 | 0.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 92 | 131 [122–140] | 130 [120–139] | 132 [118–140] | 130 [120–140] | 0.9 |
| Hypertension: Yes | 105 | 0.6524/37 | 0.5919/32 | 0.6122/36 | 0.6265/105 | 1.0 |
| Tobacco use: Yes | 103 | 0.3011/37 | 0.3111/36 | 0.103/30 | 0.2425/103 | 0.1 |
| Statin use: Yes | 98 | 0.258/32 | 0.3312/36 | 0.5717/30 | 0.3837/98 | 0.03* |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||||
| Hip circumference, cm | 103 | 107 [104–116] | 110 [103–117] | 104 108 123 | 109 [104–118] | 0.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 105 | 31 [28–35] | 32 [29–35] | 33 [30–39] | 32 [29–36] | 0.05* |
| Waist circumference, cm | 103 | 104 [95–109] | 106 [93–113] | 110 [107–120] | 107 [98–113] | <0.001* |
| Body surface area, cm2 | 105 | 2.2 [2.0–2.2] | 2.2 [2.0–2.3] | 2.2 [2.1–2.4] | 2.2 [2.0–2.3] | 0.3 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 103 | 90 [82–95] | 111 [106–117] | 174 [129–234] | 108 [91–129] | <0.001* |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 104 | 5.3 [5.0–5.4] | 5.6 [5.2–5.9] | 6.8 [6.2–8.8] | 5.5 [5.2–6.0] | <0.001* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 105 | 173 [154–202] | 180 [166–214] | 175 [150–196] | 175 [157–202] | 0.6 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 105 | 45 [35–55] | 40 [34–50] | 42 [34–46] | 42 [34–51] | 0.6 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 103 | 96 [85–122] | 111 [93–127] | 90 [81–105] | 99 [83–120] | 0.05* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 105 | 74 96 161 | 90 145 211 | 119 174 272 | 83 127 214 | 0.004* |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 105 | 1.0 [0.9–1.1] | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] | 1.0 [0.8–1.1] | 1.0 [0.9–1.1] | 0.6 |
| HsCRP, mg/dL | 104 | 2.7 [1.4–4.9] | 2.9 [1.1–4.0] | 3.0 [2.1–7.2] | 2.9 [1.4–4.6] | 0.5 |
| HIV laboratory values | ||||||
| CD4 at ART start, cells/mL | 102 | 533 [389–645] | 422 [288–572] | 399 [241–718] | 465 [296–643] | 0.4 |
| Duration on ART, y | 103 | 6.7 [4.4–11.7] | 7.1 [3.2–10.5] | 8.9 [5.2–16.1] | 7.2 [4.2–12.6] | 0.2 |
| CD4 count, cells/mL | 105 | 813 [683–944] | 786 [627–964] | 952 [732–1172] | 840 [673–1044] | 0.05* |
| CD4 count, % | 105 | 37 [31–40] | 34 [29–38] | 40 [36–47] | 37 [31–42] | <0.001* |
| Median CD4, cells/mL† | 105 | 775 [628–912] | 810 [664–949] | 855 [719–1087] | 821 [670–947] | 0.4 |
| Mean CD4, cells/mL† | 105 | 809 [632–914] | 796 [661–923] | 843 [729–1134] | 819 [670–939] | 0.4 |
| Hepatitis C positivity: yes | 105 | 0.083/37 | 0.083/36 | 0.124/32 | 0.1010/105 | 0.8 |
| CD8 at enrollment, cells/mL | 104 | 792 [620–1053] | 826 [660–1211] | 810 [674–1033] | 802 [660–1071] | 0.9 |
| White blood cells, cells/mL | 102 | 6.4 [5.1–7.9] | 7.6 [6.5–8.7] | 6.7 [6.0–8.3] | 6.8 [5.8–8.6] | 0.09 |
| Cell‐associated HIV RNA, copies/mL | 45 | 1342 [517–3280] | 992 [375–2116] | 1075 [435–2932] | 0.2 | |
| Cell‐associated HIV DNA, copies/mL | 45 | 630 [235–1419] | 424 [248–1169] | 466 [234–1362] | 0.9 | |
| Computed tomography measurements | ||||||
| CAC>0 | 105 | 0.031/37 | 0.3312/36 | 0.4414/32 | 0.2627/105 | <0.001* |
| CAC total, Au | 104 | 0.2±1.4 | 99.7±325.3 | 328.3±943.3 | 132.5±559.7 | <0.001* |
| CAC risk group: | 105 | 0.005* | ||||
| No CAC Au, 0 | 0.9736/37 | 0.6724/36 | 0.5317/32 | 0.7377/105 | ||
| Low CAC Au, 1–100 | 0.031/37 | 0.176/36 | 0.165/32 | 0.1112/105 | ||
| Moderate CAC Au, 101–300 | 0.000/37 | 0.114/36 | 0.124/32 | 0.088/105 | ||
| High CAC Au, >300 | 0.000/37 | 0.062/36 | 0.165/32 | 0.077/105 | ||
| corCSA ROI a, cm2 | 105 | 0.22 [0.19–0.26] | 0.24 [0.18–0.29] | 0.26 [0.20–0.31] | 0.23 [0.19–0.29] | 0.1 |
| corCSA ROI b, cm2 | 105 | 0.19 [0.16–0.23] | 0.22 [0.18–0.25] | 0.23 [0.17–0.28] | 0.21 [0.17–0.26] | 0.08 |
| corCSA ROI c, cm2 | 105 | 0.18 [0.14–0.20] | 0.18 [0.14–0.25] | 0.21 [0.16–0.25] | 0.19 [0.14–0.24] | 0.04* |
| Mean CorCSA, cm2 | 105 | 0.17 [0.19–0.23] | 0.17 [0.22–0.26] | 0.18 [0.23–0.28] | 0.17 [0.21–0.26] | 0.08 |
N is the number of non‐missing values. Tests used: Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables; Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables; and Wilcoxon test (cell‐associated HIV RNA/DNA). ART indicates antiretroviral therapy; Au, Agatston units; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CorCSA, coronary cross‐sectional area; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; and ROI, region of interest.
*
Statistical significance defined as P<0.05.
†
Median and mean CD4 T‐cell counts over the duration of therapy at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic.