Table 3.
HZ and Long‐Term Risk of CHD in the NHS, NHS II, and HPFS
| Time since HZ, y | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Never | 1–4 | 5–8 | 9–12 | ≥13 |
| NHS | |||||
| Cases/person‐years | 4419/825 984 | 229/33 176 | 147/23 345 | 89/13 832 | 26/5704 |
| Age‐adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | 0.97 (0.66–1.44) |
| Multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI)* | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.18 (1.04–1.35) | 1.16 (1.00–1.37) | 1.29 (1.04–1.59) | 0.96 (0.65–1.42) |
| NHS II | |||||
| Cases/person‐years | 1072/1 145 251 | 34/28 003 | 31/20 797 | 27/17 244 | 19/17 272 |
| Age‐adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.11 (0.79–1.57) | 1.35 (0.94–1.93) | 1.48 (1.01–2.17) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) |
| Multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI)* | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | 1.30 (0.89–1.91) | 0.90 (0.57–1.41) |
| HPFS | |||||
| Cases/person‐years | 2301/202 673 | 57/4320 | 59/4286 | 43/3059 | 67/5120 |
| Age‐adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.78–1.32) | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 1.17 (0.86–1.58) | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) |
| Multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI)* | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.01 (0.78–1.32) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) |
| Pooled | |||||
| Total No. of cases | 7792 | 320 | 237 | 159 | 112 |
| Multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI)* | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | 1.25 (1.07–1.46) | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) |
CHD indicates coronary heart disease; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study; HR, hazard ratio; HZ, herpes zoster; NHS, Nurses' Health Study; and NHS II, Nurses' Health Study II.
Multivariable model adjusted for age, race, family history of heart disease (yes/no), smoking history, body mass index, waist circumference (≤70, 71–79, 80–88, and >88 cm), physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, regular use (≥2 days/week) of aspirin, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, “statins,” or other cholesterol‐lowering drugs, calcium‐channel blockers, β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, or “other” antihypertensive drugs, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 score, menopausal status (in NHS and NHS II), oral contraceptive use (in NHS II), postmenopausal hormonal therapy use (in NHS and NHS II), history of coronary heart disease, and a report of ≥1 of the following: cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease/ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease), systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or oral steroids/corticosteroid use.