TABLE 1.
Phenotype of 3-year-old offspring
| Maternal diet: | CD | CD | WSD | WSD | p values (ANOVA ) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postweaning diet: | CD | WSD | CD | WSD | mWSD | pwWSD | INT | Sex |
| n | 26 | 6 | 27 | 9 | ||||
| Sex (male/female) | 10/16 | 4/2 | 17/10 | 4/5 | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 6.13 ±0.18 | 5.63±0.32 | 6.42±0.26 | 5.82±0.28 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.44 | <0.05 |
| Male | 6.52±0.29 | 5.80±0.45 | 7.00±0.32 | 6.38±0.33 | ||||
| Female | 5.89±0.22 | 5.30±0.30 | 5.43±0.19 | 5.37±0.33 | ||||
| Average RWAT (g) | 0.45±0.05 | 2.38±1.04 | 0.85±0.13 | 2.04±0.44 | 0.51 | <0.0001 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| Liver weight (g) | 135.1±4.1 | 116.9±7.8 | 142.0±4.8 | 122.9±6.9 | 0.57 | <0.05 | 0.69 | 0.06 |
| Glucose homeostasis | ||||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 57.4±1.8 | 60.5±5.3 | 51.3±1.7 | 54.8±2.4 | < 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.59 |
| Insulin (μU/mL)a | 4.4±0.6 | 21.8±7.4 | 6.4±1.2 | 10.0±1.9 | <0.005 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.05 |
| Male | 4.4±1.3 | 13.9±6.9 | 6.6±1.9 | 11.8±1.9 | ||||
| Female | 4.4±0.6 | 37.5±12.6 | 6.1±0.8 | 8.6±3.1 | ||||
| Glucose AUCb | 10008±201 | 8455±368 | 9020±337 | 8236±377 | 0.19 | <0.05 | 0.56 | 0.07 |
| Insulin AUCb | 1725±132 | 2192±329 | 1836±160 | 2264±244 | 0.94 | <0.05 | 0.07 | 0.67 |
| Blood chemistries | ||||||||
| ALT (IU/L)c | 44±2 | 52±5 | 44±1 | 65±4 | 0.10 | <0.0001 | 0.22 | 0.70 |
| AST (IU/L)c | 38±1 | 37±1 | 38±1 | 44±2 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.81 |
| GGT (IU/L)c | 90±2 | 87±3 | 102±4 | 97±5 | 0.07 | 0.53 | <0.1 | <0.05 |
| Male | 96±4 | 87±5 | 113±3 | 100±4 | ||||
| Female | 87±3 | 85±5 | 83±5 | 94±10 | ||||
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)c | 411±14 | 457±36 | 463±22 | 470±48 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.24 | <0.0005 |
| Male | 434±26 | 493±43 | 521±22 | 539±97 | ||||
| Female | 396.6±17.6 | 387±38 | 363±25 | 415±33 | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)c | 120±3 | 166±8 | 124±3 | 170±9 | 0.20 | <0.0001 | 0.09 | 0.57 |
| LDL (mg/dL)c | 63±2 | 80±8 | 67±3 | 82±10 | 0.29 | <0.05 | 0.22 | 0.71 |
| HDL (mg/dL)c | 55±1 | 87±5 | 55±1 | 89±4 | 0.25 | <0.0001 | <0.1 | 0.23 |
| TGs (mg/dL)a | 37±3 | 53±9 | 42±4 | 32±5 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.31 | 0.82 |
Data are represented as mean±SEM. Two-way ANOVA with fixed effect for maternal (mWSD) and postweaning (pwWSD) diet, interaction (INT) effect, and sex is shown. When sex effect for a variable has a p<0.05, mean±SEM for each sex is shown. p values in bold indicate significance.
a
Fasting plasma levels, obtained during necropsy.
b
Plasma levels, performed under fasting conditions within 2 months before necropsy.
c
Serum levels, obtained under fasting conditions during necropsy.
Abbreviations: ALT indicates alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CD, chow diet; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; RWAT, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, TG, triglyceride; WSD, Western-style diet.