TABLE 4.
Phenotype of the subset of offspring used for RNA sequencing and metabolomics
| Maternal diet: | CD | CD | WSD | WSD | p values (ANOVA) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postweaning diet: | CD | WSD | CD | WSD | mWSD | pwWSD | INT | Sex |
| n | 10 | 6 | 10 | 9 | ||||
| Sex (male/female) | 4/6 | 4/2 | 6/4 | 4/5 | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 5.7±0.2 | 5.6±0.3 | 6.3±0.2 | 5.8±0.2 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.51 | <0.05 |
| Male | 5.9±0.1 | 5.8±0.4 | 6.6±0.2 | 6.3±0.3 | ||||
| Female | 5.6±0.4 | 5.3±0.3 | 5.7±0.1 | 5.3±0.3 | ||||
| Average RWAT (g) | 0.58±0.09 | 2.38±1.04 | 0.76±0.11 | 2.04±0.44 | 0.50 | <0.0005 | 0.48 | 0.20 |
| Liver weight (g) | 134.3±6.5 | 116.9±7.8 | 142.1±6.4 | 122.9±6.9 | 0.45 | <0.05 | 0.88 | 0.22 |
| Glucose homeostasis | ||||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 54.1±3.9 | 60.50±5.30 | 53.60±3.67 | 54.89±2.43 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.87 |
| Insulin (μU/mL)a | 3.52±0.88 | 21.82±7.40 | 7.26±2.30 | 10.05±1.92 | 0.05 | <0.0005 | <0.05 | 0.06 |
| Glucose AUCb | 10095±466 | 8455±368 | 9976±601 | 8236±377 | 0.75 | <0.005 | 0.76 | <0.05 |
| Male | 10320±842 | 8865±246 | 10771±625 | 8628±493 | ||||
| Female | 9915±582 | 7636±815 | 8783±972 | 7923±558 | ||||
| Insulin AUCb | 1577±213 | 2192±329 | 1618±169 | 2264±244 | 0.87 | <0.0005 | <0.05 | 0.23 |
| Blood chemistries | ||||||||
| ALT (IU/L)c | 42±3 | 52±5 | 46±2 | 65±4 | 0.10 | <0.005 | 0.81 | 0.79 |
| AST (IU/L)c | 38±2 | 37±1 | 40±2 | 44±2 | 0.13 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.86 |
| GGT (IU/L)c | 91±4 | 87±3 | 98±7 | 97±5 | 0.20 | 0.82 | <0.1 | <0.05 |
| Male | 92±7 | 87±5 | 113±4 | 100±4 | ||||
| Female | 90±6 | 85±5 | 76±7 | 94±10 | ||||
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)c | 388±21 | 457±36 | 428±36 | 470±48 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.80 | <0.005 |
| Male | 427±33 | 493±43 | 496±25 | 539±97 | ||||
| Female | 362±23 | 387±38 | 326±51 | 415±33 | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)c | 129±5 | 166±8 | 116±3 | 170±9 | 0.90 | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.63 |
| LDL (mg/dL)c | 66±5 | 80±8 | 60±3 | 82±10 | 0.93 | <0.05 | 0.39 | 0.52 |
| HDL (mg/dL)c | 57±1 | 87±5 | 52±1 | 89±4 | 0.88 | <0.0001 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| TGs (mg/dL)c | 46±5 | 53±9 | 37±5 | 32±5 | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.37 |
Data are represented as mean±SEM. Two-way ANOVA with fixed effect for maternal (mWSD) and postweaning (pwWSD) diet, interaction (INT) effect, and sex is shown. When sex effect for a variable has a p < 0.05, mean±SEM for each sex is shown. p values in bold indicate significance.
Fasting plasma levels, obtained during necropsy.
Plasma levels, performed under fasting conditions within 2 months before necropsy.
Serum levels, obtained under fasting conditions during necropsy.
Abbreviations: ALT indicates alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CD, chow diet; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; RWAT, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, TG, triglyceride; WSD, Western-style diet.