Table 1.

Systematic and literature reviews evaluating patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) across various foot and ankle conditions

Year	Author	Study type	Condition	Purpose of study	Top PROMs	Type of PROM	Comment
2017	Jia et al.28	Systematic review	All foot and ankle conditions	(1) Identify currently available PROMs for foot or ankle disease patients (2) Critically appraise, compare and synthesize the psychometric evidence for the identified PROMs	FFI MOXFQ	Anatomic Anatomic	Across 50 instruments for patients with foot or ankle diseases, the FFI was the most explored instrument and the MOXFQ had the best overall evidence for psychometric properties
2018	Sierevelt et al.39	Systematic review	Orthopedic foot and ankle conditions	To identify the most frequently used foot and ankle-specific PROMs in recent orthopedic foot and ankle literature	FFI FOAS FAAM	Anatomic Anatomic Anatomic	The 3 most commonly used outcome measures were the FFI, FAOS, FAAM, capturing 50% of the citations of all 21 outcome measures. Evidence for some psychometric properties of the FAOS and FAAM are lacking/limited
2019	Ortega-Avila et al.56	Systematic review	Rheumatoid arthritis	To identify self-reported outcome measures specific to the foot and ankle in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to investigate the methodological quality and psychometric properties of these measures	SEFAS FHSQ FAAM SAFE	Anatomic Anatomic Anatomic Disease	SEFAS has the best overall psychometric properties and methodological quality, and is currently the most appropriate PROM available for patients with rheumatoid arthritis
2018	Lundgren-Nilsson et al.57	Systematic review	Osteoarthritis	To describe the available PROMs used in osteoarthritis and their performance quality	WOMAC SF36 KOOS	Disease Generic Disease	WOMAC, SF36 and KOOS were the most frequently used PROMs in osteoarthritis published papers from 2000 to 2016
2015	Schrier et al.58	Literature review	Hallux Surgery	To identify and rate available PROMs in hallux valgus surgery	MOXFQ SEFAS VAS SF36	Anatomic Anatomic Generic Generic	The MOXFQ scores best on positively rated qualities, and SEFAS is a less ideal but good alternative. The VAS is the best pain score and the SF36 the best general health assessment tool
2019	Ortega-Avila et al.	Systematic review	Diabetic foot	To identify PROMs that are specific to diabetic foot and evaluate their psychometric properties and methodological quality	FHSQ FAAM	Anatomic Anatomic	Among the 11 PROMs identified, the FHSQ provided the best overall psychometric properties, while FAAM is the most commonly used PROM for diabetic foot studies
2012	Hogg et al.59	Systematic review	Diabetic foot	To summarize and analyze the literature pertaining to HRQoL PROMs used in the spectrum of diabetes-related foot disease	CWIS SF36 DFUS NeuroQoL	Generic Generic Disease Disease	Of the generic tools, the SF-36 shows sensitivity to foot disease and has been used most frequently. Of the disease-specific tools, the DFUS and NeuroQoL are the most validated. The CWIS shows promise in assessing HRQOL in active ulceration, but is non-specific for diabetic foot ulcers
2014	Gorecki et al.60	Systematic review	Chronic wounds; pressure ulcer (PU)	To identify generic, PU-specific and chronic skin wound-specific PROMs used to assess HRQoL in patients with PUs or other chronic skin wounds and determine their suitability for use in patients with PUs	SF-36	Generic	Findings demonstrate that each PROM presented some degree of irrelevant content for this population. The most frequently applied measure used in PU HRQoL research, the SF36, is not conceptually comprehensive in its assessment of HRQoL outcomes important in PUs

CWIS, Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule; FAAM, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; FFI, Foot Function Index; FAOS, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; MOXFQ, Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire; SAFE, Salford Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Evaluation; SEFAS, Self-Reported Foot and Ankle Score; SF-36, 36 Item Short Form Survey (QoL); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale (pain); WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.