Table 2.

Description of self-administered patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)

PROM	Author	Year	No. of items and domains	Purpose	Domains	Feasibility	Response options	Scoring interpretation
Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ)	Benett et al.29	1998	13 items; 4 domains	Measure foot HRQoL	• Pain • Function • Footwear • General foot health	3–5 min	5-point Likert scale 1 = None 5 = Severe/always	Individual item scores are re-coded, tabulated, and transformed to a scale ranging from 0 to 100 for each of the 4 domains Higher scores represent better foot health
Foot Function Index (FFI)	Budiman-Mak et al.37	1991	23 items; 3 domains	Measure impact of foot pathology on function	• Pain • Disability • Activity limitations	3–5 min	VAS 1 = No pain/no difficulty 10 = Worst pain imaginable Unable	The VAS for each item is measured to obtain a score out of 10. The item scores are totaled and then divided by the maximum total possible for all of the subscale items which the patient indicated were applicable Higher scores represent worse foot health
Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ)	Dawson et al.47	2006	16 items; 3 domains	PROM for surgery of the foot and ankle	• Activity limitation (walking/standing) • Pain • Social interaction	3–5 min	5-point Likert scale 0 = None 4 = Severe/all of the time	Scores for each domain are calculated by summing the responses to each item within a given domain. Raw scores can be converted to a 0–100 metric Higher scores represent worse foot health
Foot Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS)	Roos et al.55	2001	42 items; 5 domains	Adapted from the KOOS—to evaluate symptoms and functional limitations related to the foot and ankle	• Pain • Other Symptoms (Stiffness Swelling, and Range of Motion) • Activities of Daily Living • Sport and Recreational Activities • Foot and Ankle-Related Quality of Life	5–10 min	5-point Likert scale 0 = None/never 4 = Extreme/always	Each of the 5 subscale scores is calculated as the sum of the items included. A normalized score ranging from 1 to 100 is calculated for each subscale Higher scores represent worse foot health
Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)	Martin et al.61	2005	29 items; 2 domains	Assess physical performance among individuals with a range of leg, foot, and ankle musculoskeletal disorders	• Activities of Daily Living • Sports	5–0 min	5-point Likert scale 0 = Unable to do 4 = No difficulty	Each item on the subscale is scored from 0 to 4. N/A responses are not counted. The score on each of the items are added together and the total score is divided by the highest potential score, which is then transformed into a percentage. Subscale scores range from 0 to 100 Higher scores represent better foot health

HRQOL, health-related quality of life; KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale (pain).