Table 5.

Hepatoprotective activity of Ethiopian medicinal plants.

Species name	Family name	Plant part used	Extracts used/dosage	Models used	Histopathology	Parameters estimated	Toxicity (LD 50)	Ref
Lippia adoensis	Verbenaceae	Leaves	Aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg	CCl4-induced	Hepatocyte regeneration and peripheral mononuclear infiltration are reduced in comparison to CCl4	Albumin and total protein levels increased, while AST, ALT, ALP, and TBIL levels reduced	—	[107]
			Ethanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	Hepatocyte regeneration was observed when compared to CCl4	Total protein and albumin increased while AST, ALT, ALP, and TBIL reduced	—	[107]
Ensete ventricosum	Musaceae	Cheesman	Methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	Isoniazid and rifampicin- induced	Hepatocyte regeneration was observed when compared to isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatocyte induced	A dose of 400 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of silymarin significantly decreased ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL when compared to isoniazid and rifampicin	—	[108]
Thymus serrulatus	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Essential oil (200 μL/kg)	Paracetamol—induced	Except for a few inflammatory cell infiltrations, normal hepatocytes were seen in 200 μL/kg EO	When compared to paracetamol, AST, ALT, and ALP levels were reduced	—	[109]
Thymus schimperi	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Essential oil (200 μL/kg)	Paracetamol—induced	Except for certain inflammatory cell infiltrations, 200 μL/kg EO revealed normal hepatocytes	When compared to paracetamol, AST, ALT, and ALP levels were reduced	—	[109]
Justicia schimperiana	Acanthaceae	Leaves	Methanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	The mice's livers were significantly protected from CCl4-induced damage	AST and ALT were significantly suppressed compared to CCl4	1000	[110]
Verbascum sinaiticum	Scrophulariaceae	Leaves	Methanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	The mice's livers were significantly protected from CCl4-induced damage	In comparison to CCl4- induced rats, AST and ALT were significantly reduced	—	[110]
Phytolacca dodecandra	Phytolaccaceae	Root	Methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	200 and 400 mg/kg doses, normalized the defects in the histology of the liver of mice treated with CCl4 nearly to the level of the negative control group	ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, and bilirubin levels were all significantly lower, whereas albumin and total protein levels were significantly higher. At 400 mg/kg, the extract had a hepatoprotective effect comparable to silymarin	2000	[111]
Satureja punctata	Lamiaceae	Aerial part	Aqueous (250 and 500 mg/kg)	Nitrillotriacetate-induced	Showed a normal lobular pattern with minor necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration that was comparable to the control and silymarin-treated groups	When compared to Fe-NTA administered controls, ALP, ALT, and AST levels were considerably lower	2000	[112]
Solanecio angulatus	Asteraceae	Leaves	Methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	Nitrillotriacetate-induced	Not reported	ALP, ALT, and AST levels were significantly lower than Fe-NTA administered controls	2000	[112]
Cucumis ficifolius	Cucurbitaceae	Root	Methanol (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	Improved the histology of the liver in mice treated with CCl4 to nearly the same level as the positive control group silymarin in 500 mg/kg doses	ALP, ALT, and AST levels were lower in these animals than in CCl4-induced mice. The 500 mg/kg dose showed the greatest hepatoprotective effect	2000	[94]
Clutia abyssinica	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	Inflammatory cells, vascular congestion, cellular degradation, necrosis, and vacuoles were reduced or absent	AST, ALT, and ALP levels were significantly lower than CCl4-induced controls. The higher dose (400 mg/kg) had a better hepatoprotective effect	2000	[113]
Rumex abyssinicus	Polygonaceae	Rhizome	Methanol (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	At 500 mg/kg, the architecture was maintained, there was modest necrosis, and there were minor lymphocytic infiltrates	AST, ALT, and ALP levels were markedly decreased and were comparable to silymarin (100 mg/kg) at 500 mg/kg	2000	[114]
Croton macrostachyus	Euphorbiaceae	Root bark	Ethanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	Paracetamol-induced	Hepatocytes were normal and liver cells were regenerated at 400 mg/kg	In comparison to paracetamol induced the level of AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin was lowered at a higher dose (400 mg/kg)	2000	[115]
Cineraria abyssinica	Asteraceae	Leaves	Methanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	Minor necrosis and focal inflammation	AST, ALT, and ALP levels were markedly decreased and were comparable to silymarin (100 mg/kg) at 500 mg/kg	3000	[116]
Cordia africana	Boraginaceae	Stem bark	Methanol (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)	Acetaminophen-induced	It showed moderate necrosis and vacuolar degeneration at 400 mg/kg	The level of AST, ALT, and ALP was decreased at a higher dose (400 mg/kg) compared to acetaminophen-induced	3000	[117]
Terminalia brownii	Combretaceae	Leaves	Methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	At 250 mg/kg, the hepatocyte cell membrane's structural integrity was only marginally protected; however, at 500 mg/kg, there was no ballooning and a significant level of protection	The levels of ALP, ALT, and AST were lower than those in mice that had been CCl4-induced. Especially in terms of preserving ALT and AST levels, the percentage of hepatoprotective activity at 500 mg/kg was comparable to the standard drug silymarin at 100 mg/kg	5000	[118]