Table 3.
Association between tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer among non-smoking and non-alcohol-drinking participants (SWHS, 1996–2016)
| Any type of tea | Green teaa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| Cases | Incidence densityb | HRc | HRd | Cases | Incidence densityb | HRc | HRd | |
| Never drinkers (Ref.) | 190 | 22.12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 190 | 22.12 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current drinkers | 50 | 14.76 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 47 | 15.73 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) |
| Age of starting regular tea consumption (years old) | ||||||||
| ≤25 | 10 | 9.92 | 0.63 (0.33, 1.19) | 0.64 (0.34, 1.22) | 9 | 10.10 | 0.65 (0.33, 1.26) | 0.65 (0.33, 1.28) |
| <25 and ≤35 | 11 | 10.44 | 0.70 (0.38, 1.29) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.34) | 10 | 10.65 | 0.71 (0.38, 1.36) | 0.73 (0.38, 1.39) |
| >35 | 29 | 21.90 | 1.00 (0.68, 1.48) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.48) | 28 | 24.17 | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.62) |
| P trend | 0.475 | 0.534 | 0.782 | 0.800 | ||||
| Duration of tea consumption (years) | ||||||||
| ≤10 | 16 | 14.63 | 0.89 (0.53, 1.49) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.44) | 16 | 16.75 | 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) | 0.98 (0.58, 1.63) |
| <10 and ≤20 | 16 | 15.19 | 1.02 (0.61, 1.71) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.75) | 15 | 15.97 | 1.07 (0.63, 1.82) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.85) |
| >20 | 18 | 14.51 | 0.68 (0.42, 1.10) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.15) | 16 | 14.62 | 0.69 (0.41, 1.14) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.18) |
| P trend | 0.153 | 0.215 | 0.215 | 0.265 | ||||
| Intensity of tea consumption (g/month) | ||||||||
| ≤50 | 17 | 19.32 | 1.06 (0.64, 1.74) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.84) | 16 | 20.80 | 1.14 (0.68, 1.89) | 1.19 (0.71, 1.99) |
| <50 and ≤150 | 26 | 14.76 | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | 0.84 (0.55, 1.28) | 24 | 15.32 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.33) |
| >150 | 7 | 9.40 | 0.54 (0.25, 1.15) | 0.52 (0.25, 1.12) | 7 | 10.73 | 0.62 (0.29, 1.32) | 0.60 (0.28, 1.27) |
| P trend | 0.081 | 0.079 | 0.170 | 0.189 | ||||
| Cumulative consumption of tea (kg) | ||||||||
| ≤15 | 26 | 17.53 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) | 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) | 25 | 19.26 | 1.18 (0.78, 1.80) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.78) |
| <15 and ≤30 | 11 | 13.44 | 0.78 (0.42, 1.44) | 0.80 (0.43, 1.48) | 11 | 15.00 | 0.87 (0.47, 1.60) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.65) |
| >30 | 13 | 11.98 | 0.59 (0.34, 1.04) | 0.60 (0.34, 1.06) | 11 | 11.48 | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) |
| P trend | 0.051 | 0.063 | 0.069 | 0.075 | ||||
a
Participants who consumed other types of tea were excluded from the analysis.
b
Per 100,000 person years.
c
Adjusted for age at study enrollment.
d
Adjusted for age at study enrollment, education, income, BMI, history of chronic hepatitis, history of cholelithiasis, history of T2DM, family history of liver cancer, total energy intake, and total physical activity.