Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
| Variable | Training Cohort | External Validation Cohorts | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUH 1st (n = 539) | SUH 2nd (n = 550) | ZJGH (n = 127) | ALL (n = 1216) | SKH (n = 97) | TZH (n = 248) | CSH + SQH (n = 300) | ALL (n = 645) | ||
| MRI strength and vendor | 3 T, Siemens | 3 T, Philips | 3 T, Philips | 3 T, Siemens | 3 T, Siemens | 3 T, Philips | NA | NA | |
| Median age (y)† | 72 (66, 74) | 69 (64, 76) | 73 (68, 77) | 70 (64, 76) | 69 (64, 75) | 73 (68, 79) | 70 (65,75) | 71 (66,76) | 0.001* |
| Biopsy Gleason grade group | 537 | 550 | 127 | 1214 | 81 | 246 | 288 | 615 | < 0.001* |
| 0 | 179 (33.3%) | 374 (68.0%) | 47 (37.0%) | 600 (49.4%) | 44 (54.3%) | 103 (41.9%) | 172 (59.5%) | 319 (51.9%) | |
| 1 | 36 (6.7%) | 66 (12.0%) | 17 (13.4%) | 119 (9.8%) | 9 (11.1%) | 8 (3.3%) | 9 (3.1%) | 26 (4.2%) | |
| 2 | 81 (15.1%) | 27 (4.9%) | 17 (13.4%) | 125 (10.3%) | 12 (14.8%) | 16 (6.5%) | 39 (13.5%) | 67 (10.9%) | |
| 3 | 84 (15.6%) | 26 (4.7%) | 10 (7.9%) | 120 (9.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 30 (12.2%) | 17 (5.9%) | 49 (8.0%) | |
| 4 | 68 (12.7%) | 22 (4.0%) | 16 (12.6%) | 106 (8.7%) | 9 (11.1%) | 46 (18.7%) | 34 (11.8%) | 89 (14.5%) | |
| 5 | 89 (16.6%) | 35 (6.4%) | 20 (15.7%) | 144 (11.9%) | 5 (6.2%) | 43 (17.5%) | 17 (5.9%) | 65 (10.6%) | |
| Surgical Gleason grade group | 259 | 112 | 20 | 391 | 54 | 28 | 10 | 92 | < 0.001* |
| 0 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 26 (48.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (10.0%) | 29 (31.5%) | |
| 1 | 18 (6.9%) | 45 (40.2%) | 5 (25.0%) | 68 (17.4%) | 3 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 4 (4.3%) | |
| 2 | 61 (23.6%) | 22 (19.6%) | 5 (25.0%) | 88 (22.5%) | 10 (18.5%) | 6 (21.4%) | 3 (30.0%) | 19 (20.7%) | |
| 3 | 79 (30.5%) | 19 (17.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 100 (25.6%) | 2 (3.7%) | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (20.0%) | 7 (7.6%) | |
| 4 | 30 (11.6%) | 12 (10.7%) | 2 (10.0%) | 44 (11.3%) | 7 (13.0%) | 6 (21.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | 14 (15.2%) | |
| 5 | 71 (27.4%) | 14 (12.5%) | 6 (30.0%) | 91 (23.3%) | 6 (11.1%) | 11 (39.3%) | 2 (20.0%) | 19 (20.7%) | |
| Overall Gleason grade group | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 295 | 640 | < 0.001* |
| 0 | 179 (33.2%) | 374 (68%) | 47 (37.0%) | 600 (49.3%) | 49 (50.5%) | 104 (41.9%) | 172 (58.3%) | 325 (50.8%) | |
| 1 | 20 (3.7%) | 66 (12%) | 14 (11.0%) | 100 (8.2%) | 7 (7.2%) | 6 (2.4%) | 9 (16.6%) | 22 (3.4%) | |
| 2 | 74 (13.7%) | 27 (4.9%) | 17 (13.4%) | 118 (9.7%) | 18 (18.6%) | 18 (7.3%) | 42 (14.2%) | 78 (12.2%) | |
| 3 | 97 (18.0%) | 26 (4.7%) | 12 (9.4%) | 135 (11.1%) | 3 (3.1%) | 30 (12.1%) | 19 (6.4%) | 52 (8.1%) | |
| 4 | 58 (10.8%) | 22 (4%) | 14 (11.0%) | 94 (7.7%) | 11 (11.3%) | 41 (16.5%) | 35 (11.9%) | 87 (13.6%) | |
| 5 | 111 (20.6%) | 35 (6.4%) | 23 (18.1%) | 169 (13.9%) | 9 (9.3%) | 49 (19.8%) | 18 (6.1%) | 76 (11.9%) | |
| Label 1 | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 300 | 645 | 0.62 |
| Benign | 179 (33.2%) | 374 (68%) | 47 (37.0%) | 600 (49.3%) | 49 (50.5%) | 104 (41.9%) | 173 (57.7%) | 326 (50.5%) | |
| Malignant | 360 (66.8%) | 176 (32%) | 80 (63.0%) | 616 (50.7%) | 48 (49.5%) | 144 (58.1%) | 127 (42.3%) | 319 (49.5%) | |
| Label 2 | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 295 # | 640 | 0.32 |
| non-csPCa | 273 (50.6%) | 440 (80%) | 78 (61.4%) | 791 (65.0%) | 74 (76.3%) | 128 (51.6%) | 229 (77.6%) | 431 (67.3%) | |
| csPCa | 266 (49.4%) | 110 (20%) | 49 (38.6%) | 425 (35.0%) | 23 (23.7%) | 120 (48.4%) | 66 (22.4%) | 209 (32.7%) | |
| PSA (ng/ml) | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 300 | 645 | < 0.001* |
| 0 < = PSA < 10 | 197 (36.5%) | 268 (48.7%) | 26 (20.5%) | 491 (40.4%) | 39 (40.2%) | 99 (39.9%) | 115 (38.3%) | 253 (39.2%) | |
| 10 < = PSA < 20 | 152 (28.2%) | 189 (34.4%) | 41 (32.3%) | 382 (31.4%) | 14 (14.4%) | 30 (12.1%) | 88 (29.3%) | 132 (20.5%) | |
| PSA ≥ 20 | 190 (35.3%) | 93 (16.9%) | 60 (47.2%) | 343 (28.2%) | 44 (45.4%) | 119 (48.0%) | 97 (32.3%) | 260 (40.3%) | |
| Position | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 300 | 645 | < 0.001* |
| TZ | 186 (34.5%) | 311 (56.5%) | 58 (45.7%) | 555 (45.6%) | 63 (64.9%) | 122 (49.2%) | 186 (62%) | 371 (57.5%) | |
| PZ | 259 (48.1%) | 146 (26.6%) | 45 (35.4%) | 450 (37.0%) | 34 (35.1%) | 37 (14.9%) | 77 (25.7%) | 148 (22.9%) | |
| TZ and PZ | 94 (17.4%) | 93 (16.9%) | 24 (18.9%) | 211 (17.4%) | 0 (0) | 89 (35.9%) | 37 (12.3%) | 126 (19.5%) | |
| PI-RADS scores | 539 | 550 | 127 | 1216 | 97 | 248 | 300 | 645 | < 0.001* |
| 1 | 1 (0.19%) | 14 (2.5%) | 0 (0) | 15 (1.2%) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.02%) | 1 (0.3%) | 6 (0.9%) | |
| 2 | 129 (23.9%) | 246 (44.7%) | 31 (24.4%) | 406 (33.4%) | 23 (23.7%) | 63 (25.4%) | 97 (32.3%) | 183 (28.4%) | |
| 3 | 72 (13.4%) | 129 (23.5%) | 27 (21.3%) | 228 (18.8%) | 23 (23.7%) | 64 (25.8%) | 101 (33.7%) | 188 (29.1%) | |
| 4 | 92 (17.1%) | 99 (18%) | 14 (11.0%) | 205 (16.9%) | 25 (25.8%) | 25 (10.9%) | 24 (8%) | 74 (11.5%) | |
| 5 | 245 (45.5%) | 62 (11.3%) | 55 (43.3%) | 262 (21.5%) | 26 (26.8%) | 91 (36.7%) | 77 (25.7%) | 194 (30.1%) | |
The bold values indicate the total number for the corresponding variable
#There were actually 295 patients of CSH + SQH hospital in the classification between csPCa and non-csPCa, due to 5 patients missing further immunohistochemical examination and making it difficult to accurately assess specific Gleason grade group
*Significant (P < 0.05)
†Data in parentheses are the interquartile range
Abbreviation: ISUP International Society of Urological Pathology, PSA prostate-specific antigen, PI-RADS Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System, PZ peripheral zone, TZ transition zone, csPCa clinically significant prostate cancer, non-csPCa non-clinically significant prostate cancer, SUH 1st the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, SUH 2nd the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, ZJGH the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, SKH Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, TZH the People’s Hospital of Taizhou, SQH the People’s Hospital of Suqian, CSH Changshu No.1 People’s Hospital