Table 1.
Cancer therapies and their main cardiovascular toxicities (modified according to Rassaf et al. [1], Hermann et al. [109], and Rao et al. [110])
| Therapy type | Therapy subtypes | Cancer therapy-induced dysfunction | Myocarditis/pericarditis | Arrhythmias/QT prolongation | Vascular toxicity | Hypertension |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional chemotherapies | Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin) | ✓ | ||||
| Alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, melphalan) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Antimetabolites (5-FU, capecitabine, cytarabine) | ✓ | ✓cytarabine | ✓ | |||
| Microtubule-bonding agents (paclitaxel) | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Platinum based therapy (cisplatin) | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Antibiotic (bleomycin) | ✓ | |||||
| Immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Targeted agents | Proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, carfilzomib) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| HDAC inhibitors (panobinostat, vorinostat) | ✓ | |||||
| CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (ribociclib) | ✓ | |||||
| mTOR inhibitors (everolimus) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| HER2 inhibitors (pertuzumab, trastuzumab, lapatinib, adotrastuzumabemtansin) | ✓ | |||||
| VEGF inhibitors (bevacizumab, ramucirumab, aflibercept, sunitinib) | ✓ | ✓bevacizumab | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| BCR-ABL1 inhibitors (dasatinib, nilotinib, ponatinib, bosutinib, imatinib) | ✓pontinib | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib) | ✓ | ✓ibrutinib | ||||
| ALK inhibitors (alectinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, brigatinib, lorlatinib) | ✓ceritinib | ✓ | ✓ | ✓brigatinib | ||
| BRAF inhibitors (dabrafenib, vemurafenib, encorafenib) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓encorafenib | ✓ | ||
| MEK inhibitors (binimetinib, cobimetinib, trametinib) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓binimetinib | ✓ | ||
| Multitarget (sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, vandetanib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| EGFR inhibitors (panitumumab, necitumumab) | ✓panitumumab | ✓necitumumab | ✓panitumumab | |||
| Immunotherapies | Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| CAR-T cell therapy (tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene cioleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel, brexucabtagene autoleucel, idecabtagene) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hormonal therapy | abiraterone, anastrozolem apalutamide, bicalutamide, darolutamide, enzamestane, exemestane, flutamine, letrozole, nilutamide | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Radiation therapy | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||