Somatostatin receptors (SSTR) |
Overexpression on macrophages |
[68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC, [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC |
Inflammatory processes (e.g., myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis) |
[102, 103] |
αvβ3 integrin receptor |
Cell adhesion, neoangiogenesis, overexpressed on macrophages |
[18F]F-galacto-RGD, [68Ga]Ga-PRGD2, [18F]F-fluciclatide |
Neoangiogenesis, inflammatory processes |
[104] |
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) |
Activation of fibroblasts |
Various 68Ga-labeled inhibitors of FAP (e.g., [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46) |
Myocardial damage |
[73] |
Norepinephrine transporter (NET) |
Sympathetic innervation of the heart |
[18F]F-flubrobenguane |
Denervation as early sign of damage to the heart |
[101] |
Mitochondrial membrane potential |
Dysfunction of mitochondrial membrane |
[18F]F-MitoPhos, [68Ga]Ga-Galmydar |
Mitochondrial dysfunction as early sign of cardiotoxicity |
[105, 106] |
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
Superoxide production in processes such as myocardial apoptosis or necrosis |
[18F]F-DHMT |
ROS generation as early sign of cardiotoxicity |
(107) |