Table 1.
Selected characteristics of cases and controls by time-point. The Tromsø Study 1986–2016
| T1 (1986/87) | T2 (1994/95) | T3 (2001) | T4 (2007/08) | T5 (2015/16 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | ΔMean case–control (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | ΔMean case–control (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | ΔMean case–control (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | ΔMean case–control (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | ΔMean case–control (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Case | 46.3 (6.36) | 2.50 (−0.19, 5.19) | 54.3 (6.36) | 2.50 (−0.19, 5.19) | 61.3 (6.36) | 2.50 (−0.19, 5.19) | 66.8 (6.55) | 1.14 (−1.58, 3.87) | 74.1 (6.14) | 3.55 (−0.38, 7.49) |
| Control | 43.8 (8.88) | 51.8 (8.88) | 58.8 (8.88) | 65.7 (7.71) | 70.5 (9.47) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Case | 48.8 (8.66) | 2.09 (−1.49, 5.64) | 56.8 (8.66) | 2.09 (−1.49, 5.64) | 63.8 (8.66) | 2.09 (−1.49, 5.64) | 69.1 (7.22) | 1.92 (−2.01, 5.85) | 73.3 (8.42) | 3.12 (−2.66, 8.90) |
| Control | 46.7 (10.7) | 54.7 (10.7) | 61.7 (10.7) | 67.2 (10.1) | 70.2 (11.0) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Case | 27.1 (4.27) | 3.35** (1.97, 4.72) | 29.2 (4.91) | 4.21** (2.58, 5.83) | 31.2 (5.69) | 4.88** (3.12, 6.63) | 31.3 (6.09) | 4.66** (2.54, 6.78) | 31.4 (6.85) | 4.56* (1.59, 7.53) |
| Control | 23.7 (3.75) | 25.0 (4.61) | 26.4 (4.60) | 26.6 (5.04) | 26.8 (5.76) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Case | 27.6 (3.49) | 2.92** (1.79, 4.05) | 28.7 (3.44) | 3.01** (1.84, 4.18) | 29.8 (3.52) | 3.28** (2.02, 4.55) | 29.5 (3.38) | 2.51** (1.01, 4.00) | 29.4 (3.74) | 2.20* (0.11, 4.29) |
| Control | 24.7 (2.72) | 25.7 (3.02) | 26.6 (3.44) | 26.9 (3.25) | 27.2 (3.49) | |||||
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Case | 70.8 (11.6) | 7.95** (4.28, 11.6) | 76.2 (13.1) | 10.2** (5.96, 14.4) | 80.6 (14.5) | 11.5** (6.97, 16.0) | 80.6 (15.1) | 11.9** (6.55, 17.2) | 81.3 (17.3) | 11.8** (4.15, 19.5) |
| Control | 62.9 (9.89) | 66.0 (11.7) | 69.1 (12.0) | 68.8 (13.0) | 69.4 (15.2) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Case | 85.5 (12.9) | 7.11** (3.08, 11.1) | 88.8 (13.3) | 7.66** (3.41, 11.9) | 91.6 (13.8) | 8.01** (3.39, 12.6) | 90.7 (11.8) | 5.94* (0.84, 11.0) | 89.7 (14.3) | 3.71 (−3.74, 11.2) |
| Control | 78.3 (9.16) | 81.2 (10.1) | 83.6 (11.6) | 84.8 (10.8) | 86.0 (11.7) | |||||
| Weight change (kg) | ||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Case | NA | NA | 5.36 (4.34) | 2.25* (0.68, 3.82) | 4.44 (5.47) | 1.30 (−0.70, 3.29) | −0.57 (5.77) | −1.12 (−3.24, 0.99) | −1.55 (5.93) | −1.38 (−4.12, 1.37) |
| Control | NA | NA | 3.11 (4.73) | 3.14 (6.04) | 0.55 (5.39) | -0.17 (5.15) | ||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Case | NA | NA | 3.38 (4.07) | 0.55 (−1.04, 2.14) | 2.79 (5.20) | 0.34 (−1.66, 2.35) | −2.46 (6.10) | −2.44 (−5.02, 0.15) | −1.05 (8.26) | −1.98 (−6.36, 2.40) |
| Control | NA | NA | 2.83 (4.64) | 2.44 (5.78) | −0.03 (5.34) | 0.93 (6.12) | ||||
| 25(OH)D concentration (nmol/l) | ||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Case | 44.8 (12.6) | −1.18 (−5.99, 3.62) | 53.6 (14.9) | −2.85 (−7.88, 2.18) | 46.6 (13.6) | −13.5** (−19.3, −7.72) | 50.9 (11.5) | −11.4* (−21.6, -1.34) | 69.7 (24.6) | 1.06 (−11.5, 13.6) |
| Control | 46.0 (15.1) | 56.4 (14.5) | 60.1 (19.1) | 62.3 (27.9) | 68.6 (24.6) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Case | 53.4 (17.1) | 6.46* (0.04, 12.6) | 58.5 (16.4) | 2.39 (−3.28, 8.07) | 53.3 (13.6) | −5.22 (−10.8, 0.32) | 59.7 (26.5) | 7.42 (−5.96, 20.8) | 67.5 (22.6) | 8.73 (−3.70, 21.2) |
| Control | 47.0 (16.5) | 56.1 (14.8) | 58.5 (16.5) | 52.3 (15.9) | 58.8 (16.2) | |||||
| n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity: women | ||||||||||
| Active | ||||||||||
| Case | 48 (80.0) | 0.71 | 26 (43.3) | 0.004 | 44 (74.6) | 0.64 | 33 (73.3) | 0.07 | 19 (73.1) | 0.05 |
| Control | 58 (77.3) | 51 (68.0) | 57 (78.1) | 44 (88.0) | 33 (91.7) | |||||
| Inactive | ||||||||||
| Case | 12 (20.0) | 34 (56.7) | 15 (25.4) | 12 (26.7) | 7 (26.9) | |||||
| Control | 17 (22.7) | 24 (32.0) | 16 (21.9) | 6 (12.0) | 3 (8.3) | |||||
| Physical activity: men | ||||||||||
| Active | ||||||||||
| Case | 46 (82.1) | 0.96 | 39 (69.6) | 0.55 | 42 (77.8) | 0.62 | 28 (71.8) | 0.51 | 9 (45.0) | <0.001 |
| Control | 52 (82.5) | 47 (74.6) | 45 (73.8) | 29 (78.4) | 24 (92.3) | |||||
| Inactive | ||||||||||
| Case | 10 (17.9) | 17 (30.4) | 12 (22.2) | 11 (28.2) | 11 (55.0) | |||||
| Control | 11 (17.5) | 16 (25.4) | 16 (26.2) | 8 (21.6) | 2 (7.7) | |||||
| Cod liver oil intake: women | ||||||||||
| No | ||||||||||
| Case | 40 (81.6) | 0.16 | 29 (58.0) | 0.21 | 25 (44.6) | 0.01 | 23 (54.8) | 0.96 | 19 (67.9) | 0.08 |
| Control | 47 (70.2) | 29 (46.0) | 17 (23.3) | 26 (55.3) | 16 (45.7) | |||||
| Yes | ||||||||||
| Case | 9 (18.4) | 21 (42.0) | 31 (55.4) | 19 (45.2) | 9 (32.1) | |||||
| Control | 20 (29.9) | 34 (54.0) | 56 (76.7) | 21 (44.7) | 19 (54.3) | |||||
| Cod liver oil intake: men | ||||||||||
| No | ||||||||||
| Case | 33 (71.7) | 0.98 | 26 (50.0) | 0.86 | 26 (54.2) | 0.1 | 17 (50.0) | 0.37 | 14 (73.7) | 0.25 |
| Control | 41 (71.9) | 30 (51.7) | 23 (38.3) | 23 (60.5) | 16 (57.1) | |||||
| Yes | ||||||||||
| Case | 13 (28.3) | 26 (50.0) | 22 (45.8) | 17 (50.0) | 5 (26.3) | |||||
| Control | 16 (28.1) | 28 (48.3) | 37 (61.7) | 15 (39.5) | 12 (42.9) | |||||
| Vitamin D status (nmol/l): women | ||||||||||
| >50 | ||||||||||
| Case | 21 (35.0) | 0.23 | 32 (53.3) | 0.21 | 21 (35.0) | <0.001 | 17 (48.6) | 0.02 | 21 (72.4) | 0.09 |
| Control | 34 (45.3) | 48 (64.0) | 51 (68.9) | 29 (74.4) | 25 (75.8) | |||||
| <50 | ||||||||||
| Case | 39 (65.0) | 28 (46.7) | 39 (65.0) | 18 (51.4) | 8 (27.6) | |||||
| Control | 41 (54.7) | 27 (36.0) | 23 (31.1) | 10 (25.6) | 8 (24.2) | |||||
| Vitamin D status (nmol/l): men | ||||||||||
| >50 | ||||||||||
| Case | 33 (58.9) | 0.02 | 39 (69.6) | 0.98 | 30 (53.6) | 0.15 | 15 (71.4) | 0.15 | 15 (83.3) | 0.27 |
| Control | 24 (38.1) | 44 (69.8) | 42 (66.7) | 11 (50.0) | 15 (68.2) | |||||
| <50 | ||||||||||
| Case | 23 (41.1) | 17 (30.4) | 26 (46.4) | 6 (28.6) | 3 (16.7) | |||||
| Control | 39 (61.9) | 19 (30.2) | 21 (33.3) | 11 (50.0) | 7 (31.8) | |||||
Weight change was calculated between time-points (T1 set to zero). Pre-diagnostic period: T1 to T3. Post-diagnostic period: T4 to T5
25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, T time-point
*p value < 0.05, **p value < 0.01