Table 1.

Public policy levers affected by the pandemic and industry/Private sector involvement.

Issue	Examples of Public Policy Levers	Level of Government Response	Industries Affected by the Issue or Are Part of Creating Solutions
Prevention & treatment
Physical activity promotion	Public Health Guidance on Access to and Use of Gyms, Fitness Facilities, Recreational Spaces, (Indoor and Outdoor), Parks, Sports Programs	Federal, State, Local	Fitness Clubs, Health, Active Living, Recreation Industry, Parks Fitness Apparel/Equipment Manufacturers, Home-Based Fitness, Technology Industry, Digital Health, Curriculum Development/Support, School Equipment, Health Care, Public Health, Sports Industry/Youth Sports Programming, Sports Governing Bodies
	Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs in Schools	State, Local
	Physical Activity Assessment, Prescription and Referral	Federal, State
Active transportation infrastructure	Complete Streets Policies Safe Routes to Schools	Federal, State, Local	Transportation, Community Planning, Engineering, Design, Manufacturing, Construction
	Community Design/Connectivity	Federal, State, Local
Nutrition security	Increased appropriations for and access to government nutrition assistance programs	Federal, State, Local	Agriculture, Local Farming, Food Manufacturers, Restaurants, Transportation, Food Retailers
	Maintaining food supply chains	Federal, State
	Food safety	Federal
	Retail food environment policies (living wage, menu labeling, public access to away from home eating during pandemics)	Federal, State, Local
Air quality	Air Quality Standards	Federal, State	Transportation, Energy, Renewable Energy - Solar, Wind, Hydro, Transportation, Vehicle manufacturing, Architecture, Design, Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry
	Reducing Wildfires	Federal, State
	Subsidizing and Incentivizing Renewable Energy Sources	Federal, State, Local
	Regulation to Reduce Leading Sources of Air Pollution	Federal, State, Local
	Integrating Health into Building Design and Community Architecture	State, Local
	Implementing Sustainable Agricultural Practices	Federal, State, Local
Tobacco use	Excise Taxes	Federal, State	Tobacco, Pharmaceutical, Health Care, Public Health
	Comprehensive Clean Indoor Air Laws	Federal, State, Local
	Retail Restrictions	State, Local
	Federal (FDA)/National regulation of Tobacco Products and Marketing/Advertising	Federal
	Access to Comprehensive Cessation Services	Federal, State
	Raising the Sales Age	Federal, State
	Nicotine Standards	Federal
	Removing Flavorings/Flavor Ingredients	Federal, State, Local
	Funding for Comprehensive Prevention and Cessation Programs	State
Substance abuse	Telehealth Treatment	Federal, State, Local	Pharmaceutical, Health Care, Public Health, Social Services
	Access to Culturally Appropriate, Evidence-Based, Affordable Health Care	Federal, State
Obesity	Access to Culturally Appropriate, Evidence-Based Affordable Health Care	Federal, State	Health Care, Pharmaceutical, Social Services, Public Health, Transportation, Education, Recreation, Health and Fitness Professionals, Dietitians, Engineering
	Comprehensive Coverage for Evidence Based Obesity Treatment and Preventive Services	Federal, State
	Appropriations for Provider Training and Patient Education	Federal, State
	Quality and Performance Measures	Federal, State
Hypertension	Coverage for Hypertension treatment and Control (Self-measured blood pressure devices, patient education on using digital health technology, provider interpretation of patient reported data)	Federal, State	Devices, Pharmaceutical, Health Care, Public Health, Food Manufacturing, Agriculture, Food Retail, Parks/Recreation, Education
	Coverage for Preventive Services	Federal, State
	Quality and Performance Measures	Federal, State
	Reducing Sodium in the Food Supply	Federal
	Increasing Access to Healthy, Affordable Foods (see above)	Federal, State, Local
	Increasing Access to Physical Activity including Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (see above)	Federal, State, Local
Diabetes	Access to Affordable Drugs	Federal, State	Devices, Health Care, Pharmaceutical, Technology, Digital Health, Public Health, Food Manufacturing and Distribution, Food Retail, Sports, Fitness, Active Recreation, Education
	Regulation of Devices for Evidence-based Treatment	Federal
	Access to Preventive Services	Federal, State
	Quality and Performance Measures	Federal, State
	Increasing Access to Healthy, Affordable Foods and Diet Counseling (see above)	Federal, State, Local
	Increasing Access to Physical Activity including Physical Activity Assessment, Prescription and Referral, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (see above)	Federal, State, Local
Health system transformation
Access to health insurance	Medicaid expansion	Federal, State	All
	Expanded Medicaid postpartum coverage Enhanced subsidies for marketplace plans	Federal, State
Care delivery & payment reform	Broad alignment with the CMMI strategy refresh across all third-party payers will go a long way toward addressing many of the deficiencies in our current delivery and payment “system”	Federal, State	All
Telehealth	Access to Evidence-Based Telehealth Treatment Services	Federal, State	Technology, Digital, Health Care, Public Health
Digital health	Access to Evidence Based Treatment and Remote Patient Monitoring Services	Federal, State	Technology, Digital, Health Care, Health Care, Public Health, Education
	Regulation on Devices	Federal
Workplace policies	Living Wage	Federal, State	All
	Paid Family and Medical Leave	Federal, State
	Hybrid Work Policies	Federal, State, Local
Research	Determination of research priorities and initiatives to improve public health.	Federal, State, Local	Academic institutions and established research centers. Research councils and funders. Key government agencies.