Table 4.
Critical appraisal of included studies, organized by population setting and then first author*
| Study | Sample frameΔ | Sample method | Sample size | Subject & Setting | Sample coverage | Case definition† | Case reliability | Statistical analysis | Response rate§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responses: (+) = adequate, (?) = moderate/unclear, (−) = inadequate | |||||||||
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| Community | |||||||||
| Jung, et al. 2009 |
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| Syed, et al. 2020 |
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| Ye, et al. 2021 (UK) |
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| Ye, et al. 2022 (USA) |
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| Inpatient/Emergency Department | |||||||||
| Bell, et al. 2002 |
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| Bielefeldt 2013 |
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| Hirsch, et al. 2019 |
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| Kichloo, et al. 2021 |
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| Nusra, et al. 2013 |
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| Wadhwa, et al. 2017 |
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| Wang, et al. 2008 |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |||||||||
| Aleppo, et al. 2017 |
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| Choung, et al. 2012 |
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*
As adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) found at https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools, accessed December 15, 2022.
Δ
Column titles correspond to questions in the JBI “Checklist for Prevalence Studies”, in numerical order.
†
Studies that used medical record or survey diagnoses were deemed high likelihood of misclassification and measurement bias and thus given a lower appraisal. These studies were also given the same low score for the following question of “case reliability” as chart diagnoses without objective verification are expected to be inconsistently applied.