Table 1.
Hazard Ratios (HR) from survival analyses investigating the effects of music engagement (no/yes, 0/1), amount of lifetime music practice, music achievements, artistic and scientific achievements, sport engagement (no/yes, 0/1) and amount of lifetime sport practice on registry-based mental health diagnoses.
| Registry-based diagnosis of | Self-reported | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Anxiety | Schizophrenia | Bipolar | Stress-related | Depressive symptoms | Psychotic-like experiences | Neuroticism | |||||||||
| Ndiagnosed | 275 | 217 | 10 | 39 | 170 | 4,414 | 3,831 | 5,230 | ||||||||
| HR | P-value | HR | P-value | HR | P-value | HR | P-value | HR | P-value | β | P-value | β | P-value | β | P-value | |
| Music | ||||||||||||||||
| Engagement | 1.25 | 0.12 | 1.17 | 0.33 | 2.42 | 0.17 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.08* | 0.04 | 0.12** | <0.01 | −0.02 | 0.48 |
| Practice | 1.09 | 0.10 | 1.02 | 0.71 | 1.41 | 0.19 | 1.20 | 0.16 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.04** | <0.01 | 0.08** | <0.001 | −0.00 | 0.75 |
| Achievements | 1.05 | 0.53 | 1.05 | 0.59 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 1.47* | 0.05 | 1.08 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.06** | <0.001 | −0.02 | 0.15 |
| Other creative achievements | ||||||||||||||||
| Artistic | 1.27** | <0.001 | 1.27** | <0.001 | 1.61** | <0.01 | 1.66** | <0.001 | 1.20* | 0.02 | 0.06** | <0.001 | 0.15** | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.30 |
| Scientific | 1.06 | 0.47 | 0.95 | 0.56 | 1.18 | 0.40 | 1.07 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.39 | −0.03 | 0.10 |
| Sport | ||||||||||||||||
| Engagement | 0.92 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.40* | 0.05 | 0.91 | 0.63 | −0.18** | <0.001 | −0.04 | 0.31 | −0.25** | <0.001 |
| Practice | 0.87* | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 0.55* | 0.02 | 0.84* | 0.03 | −0.10** | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.67 | −0.12** | <0.001 |
**Adjusted p-value < 0.016, *p-value < 0.05. Earlier reported results in Wesseldijk et al., 2019 for musical engagement are based on a larger sample, with linked registry-data until 2015 instead of 2017, and years were split on whether the individual did not play, stopped playing, or currently played a musical instrument which led to slightly different findings.
Number of cases receiving the diagnosis or sample sizes are reported at the top. On the right, standardized beta coefficients (β) from the linear regression analyses investigating the effects on self-reported depressive, psychotic-like experiences and neuroticism symptoms are displayed. Significant effects in bold.