Table 1.
Clinical applications of mucosal GES in recent years.
| Time | Model | Position of electrodes | Instrument | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Healthy humans | 5 cm above the pylorus | A universal pulse generator (Acupulser, model A310, World Precision Instrument, Inc., Sarasota, FL, USA): Frequency 9 cpm; pulse width 500 ms;amplitude 5 mA |
Acute RGES can result in a series of symptoms associated with dyspepsia, which is beneficial to the treatment of obesity. Optimal parameter should be determined according to the individual sensitivity to electrical stimulation. |
| 2005 | Patients with gastroparesis | The junction of the antrum and the body of the stomach | Enterra: Frequency14 Hz; amplitude5–10 mA; pulse width 330 μs; cycle ON 0.1–1.0 s; cycle OFF 5.0–4.0 s. |
Endoscopic placement of mucosal GES electrodes are safe and effective in patients with gastroparesis. |
| 2005 | Healthy humans | The greater curvature 5 cm above the pylorus | A universal pulse generator (Acupulser, model A310, World Precision Instrument, Inc., Sarasota, FL, USA): Long-pulse:frequency 9 cpm; pulse width 500 ms; amplitude 5 mA, 10 mAor15 mA; Pulse train:2 s ON, 3 s OFF; frequency20 Hz; pulse width5 ms, 10 ms or 20 ms; amplitude10 mA, 15 mA or 20 mA. |
GES via the distal stomach reduces gastric accommodation and delays gastric emptying. |
| 2006 | Healthy humans | The greater curvature 5–6 cm away from the gastroesophageal junction. | An adjustable stimulator (model A310, World Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, FL): Amplitude5–10 mA; pulse width 100–500 ms; frequency 9 cpm; 10 min ON, 10 min OFF. |
GES using temporary mucosal electrodes decreases food intake as well as maximum intake of water,and has a tendency of delaying gastric emptying. It may have a potential application for the treatment of obesity. |
| 2011 | A man with diabetic gastroparesis | The junction of the gastric body and antrum | Enterra | ENDOStim is the preferred method for placement of electrodes for temporary GES. |
| 2013 | Patients with gastroparesis | The junction of the gastric body and antrum | Enterra: Impedance: 200–800 Ω; current: 5 mA; cycle time: 0.1 s ON, 5 s OFF |
A trial of temporary, endoscopically delivered GES may be of predictive value to select patients for laparoscopic- implantation of a permanent GES device. |
| 2015 | Patients with gastroparesis | The junction of the gastric body and antrum | Implantable pulse generator (Medtronic 3116) | GES may be an effective therapy for treating the symptoms of gastroparesis with normal gastric emptying. |
| 2016 | Patients with drug refractory, cyclic vomiting syndrome | The junction of the gastric body and antrum | Enterra: Frequency, 14 Hz; intensity, 5 mA; pulse width, 330 μs; cycle ON, 0.1 s; cycle OFF, 5 s. |
In a small group of drug-refractory CVS patients, treatments with temporary and permanent GES significantly reduced the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and frequency of hospital admissions. |
| 2018 | Patients with gastroparesis | 10 cm from the pylorus at the greater curvature and separated approximately 1 cm | Enterra: Frequency, 14 Hz; intensity, 5 mA; pulse width, 330 μs; cycle ON, 0.1 s; cycle OFF, 5 s. |
Laparoscopic implantation of a temporary GES system predicts the outcome of permanent GES and is cost-saving. |