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. 2022 Sep 7;48(3):448–458. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01429-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Experiment schedule. b Post-hoc identification of direct and indirect pathways SPNs. Slice recordings 24 h after the last baseline session of saline or cocaine SA, NPR or in naive mice infected with Chrimson-eYFP in the OFC. SPNs of the DS from BAC Drd1a- td-tomato transgenic mice and Adora2a-cre mice injected with AAV5Ef1a-DIO-mCherry were filled with biocytin. Examples of neurons considered from the direct pathway (D1R-SPNs) are either positive in Drd1a-td-tomato mouse or negative in Adora2a-cre/flox-cherry mouse. Negative neuron from Drd1a-td-tomato mouse or positive neuron in Adora2a-cre/flox-cherry mouse, conversely considered from the indirect pathway (D2R-SPNs). Scale bar, 50 µm. c Box plot of the distribution (median, 25%, 75%, minimal and maximal values) of the ratios of optogentically evoked AMPAR to NMDAR-EPSCs (A/N) recorded at positive potential (+40 mV) from D1R- and D2R-SPNs (total of 120 D1R-SPNs and 95 D2R-SPNs/31 mice, with 1–6 identified cells/mouse) in each in naive and saline or cocaine SA, NPR mice (N = 6, 10 and 15 mice respectively). d Left, example traces (average of 15 sweeps) of AMPAR- and NMDAR-EPSCs recorded at +40 mV in D1R-or D2R-SPNs from naive and saline or cocaine SA, NPR mice. Scale bars, 50 ms, 50 pA. Right, A/N ratio from D1R-or D2R-SPNs of naive and saline or cocaine SA, NPR (N = 6, 10, and 15 mice, total of 120 D1R-SPNs and 95 D2R-SPNs/31 mice, mean of 1-6 identified cells/mouse). Bonferroni post-test ***P < 0.001 for naïve or saline vs cocaine SA, NPR in D1R-SPNs; °°°P < 0.001 for D1R-SPNs vs D2R-SPNs in cocaine SA, NPR. e Mean amplitude of AMPAR- and NMDAR-EPSCs evoked with optogenetic stimulation of OFC terminals (o-EPSCs) onto D1R-or D2R-SPNs in slices per mouse (N = 6, 10, and 15 mice, total of 120 D1R-SPNs and 95 D2R-SPNs/31 mice). Bonferroni post-test ***P < 0.001, for AMPAR vs NMDAR amplitude in D1R-SPNs; Bonferroni post-test °P < 0.05, for oAMPAR-EPSCs amplitude in naive vs cocaine SA, NPR; °°°P < 0.001, for oAMPAR-EPSCs amplitude in saline vs cocaine SA, NPR. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Ho Hoechst, NPR no punishment risk.