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. 2023 Jan 6;13:992080. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.992080

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Copyright © 2023 Liu, Xiao, Ye, Xu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study design overview and assumptions of the Mendelian randomization framework. IVW, inverse-variance weighted; LD, linkage disequilibrium; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms. MR-PRESSO, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; MR-RAPS, Mendelian randomization robust-adjusted profile score. It is shown that (A) the genetic variants proposed as instrumental variables should be robustly associated with the risk factor of interest; (B) the used genetic variants should not be associated with potential confounders; and (C) the selected genetic variants should affect the risk of the outcome merely through the risk factor, not via alternative pathways.