TABLE 1.
Summarized results of the Mendelian randomization study on smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and BMI and GU and DU risks.
|
Group |
MR approach | GU | DU | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | 95% CI | p value | Beta | 95% CI | p value | ||||
| AgeSmk | IVW(random) | 0.0029 | -0.0066 | 0.0123 | 0.55 | -0.0037 | -0.0132 | 0.0059 | 0.45 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0029 | -0.0066 | 0.0123 | 0.55 | -0.0037 | -0.0117 | 0.0044 | 0.37 | |
| Simple median | 0.0018 | -0.0100 | 0.0135 | 0.77 | -0.0081 | -0.0193 | 0.0031 | 0.16 | |
| Weighted median | 0.0030 | -0.0090 | 0.0149 | 0.63 | 0.0004 | -0.0111 | 0.0119 | 0.95 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0029 | -0.0069 | 0.0127 | 0.56 | -0.0038 | -0.0120 | 0.0044 | 0.37 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0029 | -0.0033 | 0.0091 | 0.39 | -0.0037 | -0.0132 | 0.0059 | 0.48 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | 0.0247 | -0.0243 | 0.0737 | 0.32 | 0.0493 | 0.0075 | 0.0912 | 0.02 | |
| CigDay | IVW(random) | 0.0012 | -0.0016 | 0.0041 | 0.40 | 0.0020 | -0.0007 | 0.0047 | 0.14 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0012 | -0.0016 | 0.0041 | 0.40 | 0.0020 | -0.0004 | 0.0045 | 0.10 | |
| Simple median | 0.0024 | -0.0028 | 0.0076 | 0.36 | 0.0014 | -0.0030 | 0.0057 | 0.53 | |
| Weighted median | -0.0011 | -0.0054 | 0.0032 | 0.62 | 0.0005 | -0.0032 | 0.0042 | 0.79 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0013 | -0.0016 | 0.0042 | 0.40 | 0.0021 | -0.0004 | 0.0046 | 0.10 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0012 | -0.0015 | 0.0040 | 0.38 | 0.0020 | -0.0007 | 0.0047 | 0.15 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | -0.0014 | -0.0065 | 0.0037 | 0.59 | 0.0018 | -0.0031 | 0.0066 | 0.47 | |
| SmkCes | IVW(random) | 0.0005 | -0.0028 | 0.0038 | 0.76 | 0.0009 | -0.0020 | 0.0037 | 0.55 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0005 | -0.0028 | 0.0038 | 0.76 | 0.0009 | -0.0020 | 0.0037 | 0.55 | |
| Simple median | 0.0006 | -0.0045 | 0.0057 | 0.82 | 0.0022 | -0.0021 | 0.0066 | 0.31 | |
| Weighted median | -0.0003 | -0.0049 | 0.0043 | 0.89 | 0.0020 | -0.0020 | 0.0060 | 0.32 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0005 | -0.0028 | 0.0038 | 0.76 | 0.0009 | -0.0020 | 0.0038 | 0.55 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0005 | -0.0022 | 0.0032 | 0.72 | 0.0009 | -0.0019 | 0.0036 | 0.55 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | -0.0065 | -0.0156 | 0.0026 | 0.16 | -0.0039 | -0.0117 | 0.0039 | 0.33 | |
| SmkInit | IVW(random) | 0.0035 | 0.0021 | 0.0049 | 1.56E-06 | 0.0029 | 0.0017 | 0.0041 | 2.43E-06 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0035 | 0.0021 | 0.0049 | 3.67E-07 | 0.0029 | 0.0018 | 0.0041 | 7.57E-07 | |
| Simple median | 0.0050 | 0.0029 | 0.0070 | 2.12E-06 | 0.0029 | 0.0011 | 0.0046 | 1.26E-03 | |
| Weighted median | 0.0041 | 0.0020 | 0.0062 | 1.02E-04 | 0.0030 | 0.0013 | 0.0048 | 7.11E-04 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0050 | 3.37E-07 | 0.0030 | 0.0018 | 0.0042 | 7.09E-07 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0035 | 0.0021 | 0.0049 | 2.38E-06 | 0.0029 | 0.0017 | 0.0041 | 3.61E-06 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | 0.0011 | -0.0049 | 0.0071 | 0.72 | 0.0018 | -0.0033 | 0.0069 | 0.48 | |
| DrnkWk | IVW(random) | -0.0030 | -0.0080 | 0.0021 | 0.25 | 0.0027 | -0.0016 | 0.0070 | 0.21 |
| IVW(fix) | -0.0030 | -0.0078 | 0.0018 | 0.23 | 0.0027 | -0.0014 | 0.0069 | 0.20 | |
| Simple median | 0.0001 | -0.0071 | 0.0072 | 0.98 | 0.0012 | -0.0050 | 0.0075 | 0.70 | |
| Weighted median | -0.0009 | -0.0080 | 0.0063 | 0.81 | 0.0001 | -0.0061 | 0.0063 | 0.97 | |
| MR-RAPS | -0.0030 | -0.0079 | 0.0019 | 0.22 | 0.0028 | -0.0015 | 0.0071 | 0.20 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | -0.0030 | -0.0080 | 0.0021 | 0.25 | 0.0027 | -0.0016 | 0.0070 | 0.22 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | -0.0109 | -0.0283 | 0.0066 | 0.22 | -0.0103 | -0.0248 | 0.0043 | 0.17 | |
| Diabetes | IVW(random) | 0.0002 | -0.0003 | 0.0007 | 0.46 | 0.0002 | -0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.29 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0002 | -0.0003 | 0.0007 | 0.43 | 0.0002 | -0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.24 | |
| Simple median | 0.0006 | -0.0002 | 0.0014 | 0.14 | 0.0007 | 0.0000 | 0.0014 | 0.06 | |
| Weighted median | 0.0003 | -0.0006 | 0.0012 | 0.47 | -0.0001 | -0.0008 | 0.0006 | 0.80 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0002 | -0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.43 | 0.0002 | -0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.24 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0002 | -0.0003 | 0.0007 | 0.46 | 0.0002 | -0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.29 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | 0.0002 | -0.0008 | 0.0012 | 0.74 | -0.0003 | -0.0011 | 0.0006 | 0.56 | |
| BMI | IVW(random) | 0.0021 | 0.0009 | 0.0033 | 0.001 | 0.0018 | 0.0007 | 0.0029 | 0.001 |
| IVW(fix) | 0.0021 | 0.0009 | 0.0033 | 0.001 | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | 0.0028 | 0.0006 | |
| Simple median | 0.0022 | 0.0004 | 0.0040 | 0.02 | 0.0015 | -0.0001 | 0.0031 | 0.06 | |
| Weighted median | 0.0018 | -0.0003 | 0.0040 | 0.10 | 0.0027 | 0.0009 | 0.0045 | 0.003 | |
| MR-RAPS | 0.0021 | 0.0009 | 0.0033 | 0.0006 | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | 0.0028 | 0.0006 | |
| MR-PRESSO (raw) | 0.0021 | 0.0009 | 0.0033 | 0.001 | 0.0018 | 0.0007 | 0.0029 | 0.001 | |
| MR-PRESSO (outlier-corrected) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| MR-Egger | 0.0009 | -0.0025 | 0.0043 | 0.61 | 0.0046 | 0.0016 | 0.0077 | 0.003 | |
Summarized results of the Mendelian randomization study on smoking, alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes, and BMI on GU and DU risks. AgeSmk, age of smoking initiation; CigDay, number of cigarettes smoked per day; SmkCes, smoking cessation (Current/Former); SmkInit, smoking status (Ever/Never); DrnkWk, drinks per Week; BMI, body mass index; GU, gastric ulcer; DU, duodenal ulcer; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; MR-RAPS, Mendelian randomization robust adjusted profile score.