Table 1.

Mannose-modified formulations used in chemotherapy

Mannose-modified formulations	Application in chemotherapy
MTX-Man NPs	Mannose is linked to Methotrexate (MTX) by ester bonds, Biosafe, Dual-self-recognizing, Stimulus-responsive, Carrier-free MTX–MAN NPs Used in Chemotherapy [128].
BTM-NMs	Targeted photodynamic treatment using a 3-arm distyryl BODIPY derivative coupled with Mannose units (BTM) and Tween 80 nanomicelles (BTM-NMs) (PDT). Specifically, Mannose-receptor-mediated endocytosis internalized BTM-NMs with a preference for lysosomal accumulation. When exposed to light, these NMs may disintegrate in cell lysosomes and then induce very effective singlet oxygen production. Through PDT, singlet oxygen effectively and selectively killed cancer cells by rupturing the lysosomal membrane and promoting BTM’s escape from the lysosome into the cytoplasm [129].
MSN-M6C-Man	There is increased endocytosis and enhanced efficacy by grafting Dimannoside-carboxylate (M6C-Man) on the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for photodynamic therapy, particularly to target the overexpressed cation-independent Mannose-6-phosphate receptor in prostate cancer [130].
NP-R@M-M	Nanoparticles made of poly-d,l-lactide, and glycolic acid that contain the toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod (R837). Then, cancer cell membranes (NP-R@M), whose surface proteins may serve as tumor-specific antigens, are coated onto adjuvant nanoparticles (NP-R). Following Mannose moiety alteration to get a nanovaccine, NP-R@M-M has improved absorption by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to stimulate the maturation state and elicit anticancer immune responses [131].
PLA-b-(PTA-g-Mannose)	A regulated ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxy anhydride (OCA) and extremely effective “Click” chemistry are used to create PLA-b-(PTA-g-Mannose). The Mannose moiety enables for active targeting of the micelles to cancer cells that specifically express Mannose receptors, which in turn increases the anticancer efficacy of the medicine. Doxorubicin (DOX), a representative lipophilic anticancer agent, can be successfully encapsulated into the micelles. This micellar system, which is entirely made of biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters, has intriguing potential for targeted drug administration and cancer therapy [113].
Ulvan on GO–CH–Ma	A novel D-Mannose-mediated targeted drug delivery system (GO–CH–Ma) for targeting glioblastoma cancer was developed by loading Ulvan lactua as the anticancer model drug onto functionalized graphene oxide. The entrapment of ulvan on GO–CH–Ma has been observed to be 88% and demonstrated a promising targeted drug delivery system to treat in vitro glioblastoma [118].