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. 2023 Jan 6;9:964797. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.964797

TABLE 2.

Changes in calorie, macronutrient, and antioxidant intake after 2 weeks.

Fasting (n = 29) Non-fasting (n = 29) P 95% CI
Pre Post P 95% CI Change post-pre Pre Post P 95% CI Change post-pre
Energy (kcal/day) 1357.28 ± 279.93 1248.97 ± 335.76 0.112 −26.70; 243.31 −108.31 ± 354.94 1220.43 ± 241.88 1249.39 ± 282.44 0.603 −141.55; 83.65 28.95 ± 296.03 0.115 −309.18; 34.67
Carbohydrate (%) 59.50 ± 5.42 62 ± 6.05 0.111 −5.80; 0.62 2.59 ± 8.45 58.13 ± 8.16 59.14 ± 5.66 0.601 −4.93; 2.91 1.01 ± 10.31 0.527 −3.38; 6.53
Protein (%) 14 ± 2.10 13.13 ± 1.96 0.051 −0.006; 1.86 −0.93 ± 2.46 14.79 ± 3.61 15 ± 2.67 0.714 −1.39; 0.96 0.21 ± 3.10 0.125 −2.61; 0.32
Lipid (%) 26.43 ± 5.31 24.06 ± 4.86 0.11 −0.57; 5.30 −2.37 ± 7.73 26.45 ± 7.04 25.75 ± 5.19 0.675 −2.70; 4.10 −0.71 ± 8.98 0.453 −6.06; 2.74
Cholesterol (mg) 262.92 ± 138.86 174.49 ± 102.91 0.001 37.88; 138.98 −88.44 ± 132.89 247.60 ± 149.49 207.72 ± 141.02 0.183 −20.01; 99.78 −39.88 ± 157.46 0.21 −125.19; 28.09
PUFA (g) 11.23 ± 5.52 7.83 ± 3.64 0.012 0.79; 6 −3.40 ± 6.85 9.10 ± 4.15 9.46 ± 4.95 0.743 −2.60; 1.87 0.36 ± 5.89 0.029 −7.12; −0.40
Vitamin A (μg) 483.50 (269; 986.51) 601.90 (262.83; 1180.93) 0.954 0.948; 0.959 −49.63 (−305.37; 377.05) 530.60 (245.65; 667) 461.83 (295.21; 805.68) 0.918 0.911; 0.925 84.84 (−374.71; −332.06) 0.913 0.906; 0.92
Carotene (mg) 0.001 (0.001; 0.40) 0.13 (0.001; 0.53) 0.487 0.474; 0.50 0 (−0.20; 0.40) 0.001 (0.001; 0.166) 0.001 (0.001; 0.166) 0.644 0.631; 0.656 0 (−0.08; 0.17) 0.595 0.582; 0.607
Vitamin E (mg) 4.10 (2.63; 5.15) 2.96 (2.43; 4.08) 0.067 0.06; 0.073 −0.77 (−2.05; 0.57) 3.56 (2.40; 4.43) 3.36 (1.96; 4.61) 0.848 0.839; 0.857 −0.10 (−0.63; 1.42) 0.172 0.162; 0.181
Vitamin C (mg) 29.80 (14.20; 87.23) 40.06 (23.23; 95.70) 0.019 0.016; 0.023 11.83 (−6.95; 32.95) 49.60 (26.98; 153.45) 60.83 (19.51; 204.45) 0.869 0.86; 0.877 8.47 (−30.29; 31.55) 0.222 0.211; 0.233

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.