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. 2023 Jan 6;9:1052540. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1052540

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Possible relationship between ferroptosis and COPD, ROS, CS, and PM2.5 trigger COPD, resulting in an inflammatory reaction and abnormal levels of inflammatory factors. Conversely, abnormal inflammatory factors can aggravate COPD, Nrf2 can inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and iron and the occurrence of COPD and ferroptosis. A direct link between ferroptosis and COPD remains unclear. Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; CS, cigarette smoke; ROS, reactive oxygen species; AP-1, activator protein 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor of kappa B.