Table 1.
The characteristics of participants according to NAFLD phenotypesa.
| Characteristics | Overallb | NAFLD phenotypes | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | |||
| No. of participants | 3,974 | 2,509 | 1,465 | |
| Age (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 18–39 | 1,357 (34.15) | 1,015 (40.45) | 342 (23.34) | |
| 40–59 | 1,190 (29.94) | 669 (26.66) | 521 (35.56) | |
| ≥60 | 1,427 (35.91) | 825 (32.88) | 602 (41.09) | |
| Male (%) | 1,903 (47.89) | 1,098 (43.76) | 805 (54.95) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.006 | |||
| Never | 2,429 (61.12) | 1,590 (63.37) | 839 (57.27) | |
| Former | 936 (23.55) | 519 (20.69) | 417 (28.46) | |
| Current | 609 (15.32) | 400 (15.94) | 209 (14.27) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1,385 (34.85) | 848 (33.80) | 537 (36.66) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 897 (22.57) | 635 (25.31) | 262 (17.88) | |
| Hispanic or other | 1,692 (42.58) | 1,026 (40.89) | 666 (45.46) | |
| Education (%) | 0.239 | |||
| Less than high school | 719 (18.12) | 445 (17.76) | 274 (18.75) | |
| High school diploma | 979 (24.68) | 610 (24.34) | 369 (25.26) | |
| More than high school | 2,269 (57.20) | 1,451 (57.90) | 818 (55.99) | |
| Physical activity (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Low level | 1,387 (35.18) | 815 (32.77) | 572 (39.29) | |
| Moderate level | 379 (9.61) | 240 (9.65) | 139 (9.55) | |
| High level | 2,177 (55.21) | 1,432 (57.58) | 745 (51.17) | |
| Family income to poverty ratio (%) | 0.699 | |||
| 0–1.29 | 977 (27.82) | 631 (28.50) | 346 (26.66) | |
| 1.30–3.49 | 1,423 (40.52) | 876 (39.57) | 547 (42.14) | |
| ≥3.50 | 1,112 (31.66) | 707 (31.93) | 405 (31.20) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 1,632 (41.78) | 847 (34.38) | 785 (54.44) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 751 (18.90) | 281 (11.20) | 470 (32.08) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 1,595 (40.14) | 649 (25.87) | 946 (64.57) | <0.001 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1,873.75 (1,443.12, 2,426.88) | 1,845.50 (1,421.00, 2,402.50) | 1,941.00 (1,483.50, 2,457.00) | 0.014 |
| Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 7.70 (5.73, 10.70) | 7.72 (5.70, 10.70) | 7.66 (5.82, 10.69) | 0.862 |
| CAP (dB/m) | 262.00 (217.00, 307.00) | 229.00 (199.00, 257.00) | 323.00 (302.00, 352.00) | <0.001 |
| LSM (kPa) | 4.90 (4.00, 6.10) | 4.60 (3.80, 5.60) | 5.70 (4.50, 7.00) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.10 (3.90, 4.30) | 4.10 (3.90, 4.30) | 4.10 (3.80, 4.30) | 0.001 |
| Globulin (g/dl) | 3.10 (2.80, 3.30) | 3.00 (2.80, 3.30) | 3.10 (2.80, 3.40) | 0.001 |
| Total protein (g/dl) | 7.20 (6.90, 7.40) | 7.20 (6.90, 7.40) | 7.10 (6.90, 7.40) | 0.939 |
| Total bilirubin (g/dl) | 0.40 (0.30, 0.60) | 0.40 (0.30, 0.60) | 0.40 (0.30, 0.50) | 0.180 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 17.00 (13.00, 25.00) | 16.00 (12.00, 21.00) | 22.00 (16.00, 32.00) | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 19.00 (16.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (16.00, 22.00) | 20.00 (16.00, 26.00) | <0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 21.00 (14.00, 31.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 26.00) | 26.00 (18.00, 41.00) | <0.001 |
ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, Controlled attenuation parameter; GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transaminase; LSM, Liver stiffness measurement; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
a
Values were presented as median(P25, P75) or percentages.
b
The summing number for some categories are not 3,974 due to missing values.