Table 3.

The associations of dietary fiber consumption with liver function parameters.

Liver function parametersa	Dietary fiber consumption			Per 1-SD	$P_{trend}^{\text{d}}$
	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3
Albumin
Model 1b	0	0.62 (−0.02 to 1.25)	1.36 (0.72 to 2.00)	0.58 (0.33 to 0.84)	<0.001
Model 2c	0	1.08 (0.46 to 1.71)	2.00 (1.33 to 2.67)	0.84 (0.56 to 1.12)	<0.001
Globulin
Model 1b	0	−1.67 (−2.71 to −0.62)	−0.68 (−1.73 to 0.38)	−0.25 (−0.69 to 0.18)	0.253
Model 2c	0	−1.61 (−2.68 to −0.53)	−1.53 (−2.66 to −0.40)	−0.74 (−1.21 to −0.26)	0.003
Total protein
Model 1b	0	−0.41 (−0.88 to 0.06)	0.42 (−0.05 to 0.90)	0.20 (0.01 to 0.39)	0.044
Model 2c	0	−0.13 (−0.61 to 0.36)	0.42 (−0.10 to 0.94)	0.14 (−0.07 to 0.36)	0.198
Total bilirubin
Model 1b	0	8.65 (4.22 to 13.27)	7.39 (3.02 to 11.95)	2.25 (0.52 to 4.00)	0.011
Model 2c	0	8.63 (3.99 to 13.47)	6.20 (1.43 to 11.20)	1.53 (−0.40 to 3.50)	0.121
ALT
Model 1b	0	1.19 (−2.97 to 5.52)	2.38 (−1.82 to 6.76)	1.29 (−0.43 to 3.04)	0.143
Model 2c	0	0.82 (−3.38 to 5.20)	−0.08 (−4.46 to 4.50)	0.88 (−0.99 to 2.79)	0.360
AST
Model 1b	0	1.42 (−1.34 to 4.27)	2.35 (−0.44 to 5.21)	1.05 (−0.08 to 2.20)	0.069
Model 2c	0	0.64 (−2.29 to 3.66)	0.80 (−2.29 to 3.98)	0.65 (−0.65 to 1.96)	0.331
GGT
Model 1b	0	−2.55 (−7.45 to 2.61)	−7.84 (−12.47 to −2.97)	−3.83 (−5.84 to −1.78)	<0.001
Model 2c	0	−2.45 (−7.44 to 2.82)	−9.80 (−14.66 to −4.66)	−4.22 (−6.43 to −1.96)	<0.001

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transaminase.

^aLiver function parameters were natural logarithm transformed. Percentage change (%) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated as (e^β – 1)^*100% based on multivariable linear regression.

^bModel 1 did not adjust for the covariates.

^cModel 2 was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, race/ethnicity, education, ratio of family income to poverty, physical activity, total energy, hypertension, and diabetes.

^dThe trend test was performed by using z-score in the models.