Table 1.
Description and comparison of patient demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Depression cases and controls | Anxiety cases and controls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Depression (n = 102) |
Controls (n = 206) |
P |
Anxiety (n = 92) |
Controls (n = 206) |
P | |
| Age (ye) | 58.7 ± 9.0 | 57.4 ± 10.1 | 0.263 | 58.6 ± 9.4 | 57.4 ± 10.1 | 0.368 |
| Gender | 0.034 | 0.027 | ||||
| Male [n (%)] | 51 (50.0) | 129 (62.6) | 45 (48.9) | 129 (62.6) | ||
| Female [n (%)] | 51 (50.0) | 77 (37.4) | 47 (51.1) | 77 (37.4) | ||
| Educational level | 0.017 | 0.047 | ||||
| Primary [n (%)] | 29 (28.4) | 32 (15.5) | 25 (27.2) | 32 (15.5) | ||
| Junior [n (%)] | 34 (33.3) | 64 (31.1) | 31 (33.7) | 64 (31.1) | ||
| Senior [n (%)] | 30 (29.4) | 74 (35.9) | 27 (29.3) | 74 (35.9) | ||
| University [n (%)] | 9 (8.8) | 36 (17.5) | 9 (9.8) | 36 (17.5) | ||
| Occupation type | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Intellectual [n (%)] | 28 (27.5) | 106 (51.5) | 25 (27.2) | 106 (51.5) | ||
| Physical [n (%)] | 74 (72.5) | 100 (48.5) | 67 (72.8) | 100 (48.5) | ||
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 53 (52.0) | 85 (41.3) | 0.076 | 47 (51.1) | 85 (41.3) | 0.115 |
| Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 28 (27.5) | 41 (19.5) | 0.135 | 27 (29.3) | 41 (19.5) | 0.073 |
| Cardiovascular disease [n (%)] | 12 (11.8) | 19 (9.2) | 0.487 | 10 (10.9) | 19 (9.2) | 0.658 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases [n (%)] | 16 (15.7) | 24 (11.4) | 0.321 | 15 (16.3) | 24 (11.4) | 0.271 |
| CCI‡ | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (0, 2) | 0.002 | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (0, 2) | 0.004 |
| CCI (category) | 0.004 | 0.004 | ||||
| ≤ 1 point | 48 (47.1) | 126 (61.2) | 44 (47.8) | 126 (61.2) | ||
| 2 points | 19 (18.6) | 44 (21.4) | 16 (17.4) | 44 (21.4) | ||
| ≥3 points | 35 (34.3) | 36 (17.5) | 32 (34.8) | 36 (17.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 0.551 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 0.454 |
| BMI (WHO-Asian category) | 0.770 | 0.772 | ||||
| Normal [n (%)] | 29 (28.4) | 51 (24.8) | 27 (29.3) | 51 (24.8) | ||
| Overweight [n (%)] | 47 (46.1) | 102 (49.5) | 42 (45.7) | 102 (49.5) | ||
| Obese [n (%)] | 26 (25.5) | 53 (25.7) | 23 (25.0) | 53 (25.7) | ||
| Smoke [n (%)] | 30 (29.4) | 65 (31.6) | 0.702 | 28 (30.4) | 65 (31.6) | 0.847 |
| Drink [n (%)] | 24 (23.5) | 51 (24.3) | 0.813 | 19 (20.7) | 51 (24.3) | 0.440 |
| Symptom duration (mo)‡ | 30 (5, 72) | 12 (4, 48) | 0.155 | 24 (4.5, 66) | 12 (4, 48) | 0.290 |
| Symptom duration (category) | 0.039 | 0.111 | ||||
| < 1 year | 43 (42.2) | 108 (52.4) | 39 (42.4) | 108 (52.4) | ||
| 1–5 years | 31 (30.4) | 66 (32.1) | 30 (32.6) | 66 (32.1) | ||
| >5 years | 28 (27.5) | 32 (15.5) | 23 (25.0) | 32 (15.5) | ||
| Pre-operative symptomatology | 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| Radiculopathy [n (%)] | 14 (13.7) | 60 (29.1) | 13 (14.1) | 60 (29.1) | ||
| Myelopathy [n (%)] | 38 (37.7) | 83 (40.3) | 33 (35.9) | 83 (40.3) | ||
| Myeloradiculopathy [n (%)] | 50 (49.0) | 63 (30.6) | 46 (50.0) | 63 (30.6) | ||
| Surgery history | 0.032 | 0.016 | ||||
| Primary surgery [n (%)] | 91 (89.2) | 197 (95.6) | 81 (88.0) | 197 (95.6) | ||
| Revision surgery [n (%)] | 11 (10.8) | 9 (4.4) | 11 (12.0) | 9 (4.4) | ||
| NDI‡ | 29 (10.0, 42.0) | 17 (8.0, 29.5) | < 0.001 | 30 (14.0, 44.0) | 17 (8.0, 29.5) | < 0.001 |
| NDI (category) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No disability [n (%)] | 25 (24.5) | 67 (32.5) | 21 (22.8) | 67 (32.5) | ||
| Mild disability [n (%)] | 26 (25.5) | 89 (43.2) | 22 (23.9) | 89 (43.2) | ||
| Moderate disability [n (%)] | 33 (32.4) | 41 (19.9) | 32 (34.8) | 41 (19.9) | ||
| Severe disability [n (%)] | 18 (17.6) | 9 (4.4) | 17 (18.5) | 9 (4.4) | ||
| mJOA‡ | 12 (10.5, 14.0) | 14 (13.0, 15.5) | < 0.001 | 12 (10.0, 14.0) | 14 (13.0, 15.5) | < 0.001 |
| mJOA (category) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mild myelopathy [n (%)] | 17 (16.7) | 93 (45.1) | 14 (15.2) | 93 (45.1) | ||
| Moderate myelopathy [n (%)] | 39 (38.2) | 80 (38.8) | 32 (34.8) | 80 (38.8) | ||
| Severe myelopathy [n (%)] | 46 (45.1) | 33 (16.0) | 46 (50.0) | 33 (16.0) | ||
| VAS-neck‡ | 4 (0, 6) | 2 (0, 4) | < 0.001 | 4 (1, 6) | 2 (0, 4) | < 0.001 |
| VAS-arm‡ | 4 (0, 6) | 3 (0, 6) | 0.020 | 4 (0, 6) | 3 (0, 6) | 0.017 |
Data are expressed as either the mean value ± standard deviation, median and range (25th and 75th percentiles), or frequency (%) of patients. Independent sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests, or chi-square tests were used for univariate analyses. CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; BMI, body mass index; NDI, Neck Disability Index; mJOA, modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SF-36, 36-item Short-form Health Survey; PCS, physical component summary score; MCS, mental component summary score.‡Non-parametric variables. The bold values indicate the values of p < 0.05.