Table 2.
Prevalence of cryptococcal disease across Africa.
| Country | Pub Year | Study Design | Study Period |
Study Pop | Sample Size |
CD4 Mean/ Median |
ART Status | CrAg Prevalence (N°) |
CM Prevalence (N°) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Togo | 2017 | Retrospective and descriptive |
2006–2016 | Hospitalized HIV infected patients |
8025 | 65 ± 22 | 83% on ART | NA | 1.5 (102/8025) | Wateba et al., [61] |
| Botswana | 2019 | Cross sectional | 2000–2015 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
21560 | 91 (37–216) | 47% on ART | NA | 89(4432/5004) | Tenforde et al. [59] |
| Ghana | 2011 | Retrospective | 2008–2009 | Advanced HIV out- patients |
92 | 28 (8–54) | Naïve | 2 (2/92) | NA | Mamoojee et al. [78] |
| Ghana | 2022 | Cross sectional | 2020–2021 | Adult HIV-infected outpatients |
150 | 1049.1 (258.4–1480.6) | 52% on ART | 2.7% (4/150) | 100(3/3) | Ocansey et al. [12] |
| Ghana | 2012 | Retrospective | 2008–2010 | Patients suspected of meningitis |
163 | NA | NA | NA | 11.7 (19) | Owusu et al. [73] |
| Sierra Leone | 2020 | Cohort | 2018 | Adults HIV patients | 170 | 45 (23–63) | 44% on ART | 4.7 (8/170) | 62.5 (5/8) | Lakoh et al. [11] |
| Senegal | 2013 | Retrospective and prospective |
2004–2011 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
1342 | 27 (1–375) | 35.8% on ART |
NA | 7.8 (106/1342) | Sow et al. [60] |
| Senegal | 2016 | Cross sectional | 2009–2013 | Hospitalized adults HIV patients |
541 | 102 ± 165 | 33.5 on ART |
9.2(50/541) | 34 (17/50) | Manga et al. [19] |
| Uganda | 2013 | Cohort | 2009–2010 | HIV positive patients | 563 | 51 (16–171) | 18.4% on ART |
5.7(32/563) | NA | Andama et al. [53] |
| Uganda | 2012 | Cross sectional | 2009–2010 | HIV infected adults | 367 | 23 (9–51) | NA | 19(69/367) | 6.5 (24/367) | Oyella et al. [22] |
| Mali | 2008 | Prospective | 2001–2002 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
204 | NA | NA | NA | 8.3 (17/204) | Oumar et al. [76] |
| Mali | 2011 | Prospective | 2003–2004 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
569 | NA | NA | NA | 2.5 (14/569) | Minta et al. [13] |
| Kenya | 2010 | Prospective and observational |
2008–2009 | HIV suspected CM patient | 340 | 41 (2–720) | 29.7% on ART | NA | 33 (111/340) | Mdodo et al. [18] |
| Mozambique | 2020 | Retrospective | 2018–2019 | Hospitalized HIV patients | 1795 | 79 (31–193) | 53.7% on ART | 7.5 (134/1795) | 71.6 (96/134) | Deiss et al. [62] |
| Tanzania | 2011 | Cohort | 2009–2010 | HIV outpatients | 333 | 209 (87–278) | 49.3% on ART | 5.1 (17/333) | 4.4 (15/333) | Wajanga et al. [17] |
| DRC | 2021 | Retrospective | 2015–2017 | Hospitalized HIV patients | 4283 | 168.7 ± 137.1 | 35.2 on ART | NA | 2.8 (108/4283) | Katabwa et al. [63] |
| DRC | 2020 | Descriptive | 2011–2014 | Hospitalized HIV patients with meningitis |
261 | 79 (66–105) | NA | NA | 8.8 (23/261) | Zono et al. [72] |
| DRC | 2021 | Retrospective and descriptive |
2018 | Hospitalized HIV patients | 1877 | NA | NA | NA | 21.8 (409/1877) | Ngoy et al. [75] |
| South Africa | 2015 | Retrospective | 2009–2010 | HIV infected patients | 1494 | NA | NA | 2.1 (30/1460) | NA | Govender et al. [64] |
| Ethiopia | 2017 | Cross sectional | 2016–2017 | HIV infected patients | 267 | NA | 52% on ART | 3.4 (9/267) | NA | Hailu et al. [59] |
| Ethiopia | 2019 | Cross sectional | 2017 | HIV infected patients | 183 | 434.4 ± 286.3 | All on ART | 7.7 (14/183) | NA | Geda et al. [58] |
| Ethiopia | 2021 | Cross sectional | 2019 | Hospitalized HIV patients | 140 | NA | 50% on ART | 11.43 (16/140) | NA | Jemal et al. [57] |
| Ethiopia | 2020 | Cross sectional | 2018–2019 | HIV infected outpatients | 200 | 54 (2–97) | 73.5% on ART | 4 (8/200) | NA | Negash et al. [56] |
| Burkina Faso | 2012 | Retrospective | 2002–2010 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
5129 | 56 (13–387) | NA | NA | 1.8(61/5129) | Bamba et al. [39] |
| Nigeria | 2016 | Cross sectional and prospective |
2012–2014 | HIV infected patients | 432 | 74 (6–1264) | Naïve | 1.6 (7/432) | NA | Bologun et al. [9] |
| Nigeria | 2021 | Case control | NA | HIV positive and HIV Negative outpatients |
342 | NA | NA | 8.5 (29/342) | NA | Odegbeni et al. [51] |
| Nigeria | 2021 | Cross sectional | 2017–2018 | Hospitalized patients with meningitis |
184 | 32.5 (8–109) | NA | NA | 16.8 (31/184) | Okolo et al. [10] |
| Nigeria | 2016 | Retrospective, cross- sectional |
2004–2016 | HIV infected outpatients | 2752 | NA | Naïve | 2.3 (63/2752) | NA | Ezeanolue et al. [47] |
| Nigeria | 2016 | Cross sectional | 2014–2015 | Adult HIV-infected outpatients |
214 | 160 (90–210) | 95.3% on ART | 8.9 (19/214) | NA | Oladele et al. [14] |
| Nigeria | 2017 | Cross sectional | 2016 | HIV infected patients | 215 | NA | Naïve | 16.7 (37/215) | NA | Goni et al. [24] |
| Nigeria | 2020 | Cross sectional | 2014–2017 | HIV infected patients | 300 | NA | NA | 19.67 (59/300) | 25.4(15/59) | Ezenabike et al. [50] |
| Nigeria | 2017 | Cross sectional | 2016–2017 | HIV positive patients | 326 | NA | 81.3% on ART | 11 (36/326) | NA | Mohammed et al. [23] |
| Nigeria | 2012 | Cross sectional | 2011 | HIV infected outpatients | 150 | NA | Naïve | 12.7 (19/150) | NA | Osazuwa et al. [49] |
| Nigeria | 2019 | Cross sectional | 2018 | HIV infected patients | 290 | NA | NA | 1.4 (4/290) | NA | Chukwuanukwu et al. [38] |
| Nigeria | 2010 | Cross sectional | NA | HIV infected patients | 100 | 89 ± 60 | NA | NA | 36 (36/100) | Gomorep et al. [52] |
| Cameroon | 2018 | Cross sectional | 2015–2017 | HIV infected outpatients | 186 | 44 (27–75) | Naïve | 23.1 (43/186) | 21.7 (5/23) | Temfack et al. [55] |
| Cameroon | 2013 | Cross sectional | 2004–2009 | Hospitalized HIV infected patients |
672 | 23 (10–61) | NA | NA | 11.2 (75/672) | Luma et al. [65] |
| Cameroon | 2021 | Cross sectional | 2018 | HIV infected children | 147 | NA | 96.60 on ART | 6.12 (9/147) | NA | Kalla et al. [67] |
| Cameroon | 2015 | Cross sectional | 2009–2011 | HIV infected patients with Signs of meningitis |
146 | NA | NA | NA | 28.08 (41/146) | Ngouana et al. [66] |
| Cameroon | 2020 | Retrospective and descriptive |
2010–2018 | Hospitalized children with meningitis |
331 | 29 (10–100) | NA | NA | 3.6 (12/331) | Nguefack et al. [69] |
| Cameroon | 2012 | Cross sectional | 2010 | HIV positive patients | 105 | NA | NA | NA | 9.86 (29) | Dzoyem et al. [68] |
NA: not available/not applicable.