Table 3.
Observational studies and case series on histoplasmosis from Africa.
| Country | Authors | Study Design | Number of Males/Females | Study Size/ Population |
Age | Affected Site | Number of Cases (%) | Diagnostic Tool | Incidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Oladele et al., 2022 [82] | Cross-sectional | 377 males, 611 females | 988 | Median age-39-year-old | Lungs, skin | 76 (7.7%) | Histoplasma urinary antigen assay | - |
| Nigeria | Ekeng et al., 2022 [80] | Descriptive cross-sectional | 114 males, 119 females | 213 | Mean age-39-year-old | Lungs | 27 (12.7) | Histoplasma urinary antigen test and/or PCR | - |
| Nigeria | Lucas 1970 [91] | Case series | NS | - | 10 months–65 years | Skin, bones, subcutaneous | - | Histopathology | - |
| Ghana | Ocansey et al., 2022 [12] | Prospective cross-sectional | 41 males, 109 females | 150 | Age range: 18–62 | NS | 5 (4.7) | Histoplasma urinary antigen test, histopathology | - |
| Tanzania | Lofgren et al., 2012 [92] | Retrospective | 323 males, 647 females | 970 | Median age: 31 | NS | 9 (0.9) | Histoplasma antigen assay in serum and urine | - |
| Cameroon | Kuate et al., 2021 [81] | Descriptive cross-sectional | 37 males, 101 females | 138 | Mean age: 43.7 | Lungs, skin | 36 (26) | Histoplasma urinary antigen test | - |
| Cameroon | Mandengue et al., 2015 [93] | Cross-sectional study | NS | 56 | NS | Lungs, bronchus, skin | 7 (13) | Histopathology | - |
| Republic of Congo | Amona et al., 2021 [94] | Retrospective (Case series) | 30 males, 14 females, unclear in the remainder | - | Mean age-24 years, Median age 22 years | Skin, lymph nodes, bones | 57 | Histopathology, Histoplasma antigen assay, Direct examination | 1–3 cases each year |
| Togo | Darre et al., 2017 [95] | Retrospective and descriptive | 11 males, 6 females | - | Mean age-27.2 | Skin, mucosa, bones, ganglion | 17 | Histopathology, Culture, Microscopy | 1.1 |
| DRC | Pakasa et al., 2018 [96] | Case series | 13 males, 23 females | - | Median age-20.5 years | Skin, lymph nodes, bones | 36 | Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR (n = 3) | - |
| South Africa | Kthali et al., 2021 [97] | Retrospective and descriptive | 14 males, 10 females | - | Mean age-34.5, Median age-36.5 years | Skin | 24 | Histopathology, Culture, PCR |
- |
| Uganda | Kwizera et al. [98] | Retrospective | - | - | Skin | 64 (9.2) | Histopathology | - |
NS: Not stated.