Table 5.
Published cases of candidaemia in Africa.
| Country | Year | Number of Cases | Aetiology | Diagnostic Tool | Treatment | Outcomes | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Africa | 2017 | 1 | C. auris | Blood culture | amphotericin B (n = 1) | Death (n = 1) | Lockhart et al.[132] |
| South Africa | 2020 | 108 | C. albicans (n = 51), C. glabrata (n = 32), C. parapsilosis (n = 11), C. tropicalis (n = 5), Others (n = 9) | Blood culture | None (n = 31) Fluconazole resistance C. glabrata (n = 35) C. krusei (n = 3) |
Death (n = 59) | Hussain et al. [129] |
| South Africa | 2018 | 48 | C. krusei | Blood culture | Antifungal therapy (n = 37) Fluconazole and amphotericin B (n = 3) Fluconazole only (n = 1) amphotericin B (n = 2) |
Death (n = 7) | Van Schalkwyk et al. [144] |
| South Africa | 2016 | 2172 | C. albicans (n = 517), C.parapsilosis (n = 488), C. glabrata (n = 100), C. tropicalis (n = 54) and C.krusei (n = 22) | Blood culture | - | - | Naicker et al. [134] |
| South Africa | 2021 | 2996 |
C. parapsilosis (42%), C. albicans (36%) |
Blood culture | Fluconazole alone (32%) amphotericin B alone (35%) amphotericin B and Fluconazole (30%) |
- | Shuping et al.[138] |
| Algeria | 2020 | 66 |
C. tropicalis (n = 19) C. parapsilosis (n = 18) C. albicans (n = 18) C. glabarata (n = 6) C. dubliniensis (n = 1) |
Blood culture | Fluconazole (n = 12) Caspofungin (n = 7) amphotericin B (n = 3) None (n = 21) |
Dead (n = 21) | Megri et al [140] |
| Kenya | 2019 | 224 |
C. auris (n = 77) C. albicans (n = 50) Other (n = 74) |
Blood culture | - | Death (n = 28) | Adam et al. [136] |
| South Africa | 2013 | 268 | C. albicans (n = 123),C. parapsilosis (n = 67), C. glabrata (n = 58), C. krusei (n = 9), C. tropicalis (n = 9), C. guilliermondii (n = 1) C. lustitaniae (n = 1). | Blood culture | - | Death (n = 122) | Kreusch et al. [141] |
| Egypt | 2013 | 36 |
C. albicans (n = 3) Non-albicans Candida (n = 2), others were not specified |
Blood culture, Seminested PCR | - | Death (n = 17) |
Ramy et al. [143] |
| South Africa | 2019 | 6669 |
C. parapsilosis (n = 2600) C. albicans (n = 1353), C. auris (n = 794), C. glabarata (n = 598), C. tropicalis (n = 140) C. krusei (n = 98) Mixed cases (C.auris and a non-auris species) (n = 29) |
Blood culture | - | - | Van Schalkwyk et al. [145] |
| Nigeria | 2017 | 27 |
C. albicans (n = 21), C.krusei (n = 2) Others (n = 4) |
Blood culture | Fluconazole (n = 27) | Death (n = 5) | Ezenwa et al. [142] |
| South Africa | 2022 | 45 | C. auris (n = 45) | Blood culture | amphotericin B Echinocandin |
Death (n = 19) | Parak et al. [135] |
| Egypt | 2014 | 88 |
C. albicans (40%) C. parapsilosis (25%), C. tropicalis (17%), C. glabarata (8%) |
Blood culture | - | Death (16.7%) | Hegazi et al. [139] |
| Tunisia | 2011 | 130 | C. tropicalis (37.7%), C. albicans (22.3%), C. glabrata (19.2%), C. parapsilosis (12.2%). | Blood culture | - | - | Sellami et al. [146] |
| South Africa | 2022 | 618 | C. albicans (n = 193), C. parapsilosis (n = 82), C. auris (n = 72), C. glabarata (n = 21), C. krusei (n = 54) | Blood culture | - | - | Chibabhai et al. [137] |
| Tunisia | 2012 | 4 |
C. albicans (n = 3) C. parapsilosis (n = 1) C. krusei (n = 1) C. tropicalis (n = 1) |
Blood culture, PCR | Fluconazole and amphotericin B (n = 2) Fluconazole and Voriconazole (n = 1) |
Death (n = 2) | Saghrouni et al. [147] |