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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 20.
Published in final edited form as: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017 May 1;42(9):670–674. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001875

TABLE 3.

Predictors of Physical Therapy Referral

Covariate Adjusted Odds Ratio
Year (as compared with 1997) 1.00 (0.96–1.04)
Female gender 0.75 (0.57–1.00)
Black race (as compared with white race) 0.91 (0.56–1.47)
Hispanic ethnicity 1.18 (0.78–1.80)
Medicare 0.47 (0.32–0.68)
Medicaid 0.54 (0.37–0.79)
Opioid prescription 0.57 (0.41–0.80)

Odds ratios reported are associated with physical therapy referral (95% confidence interval).