Table 2.

Overview of animal studies of A. muciniphila related to inflammatory bowel disease.

Publication year	Object of study	Cohort description	Sample type	Outcome characteristics	Microbiota analysis approach	References
2013	C57BL/6 mice	5 days of DSS administration was used to induce colitis.	Faecal samples	Administration of DSS decreased the composition of AmEVs in mice stool samples.	16s rRNA sequencing	Kang et al.
2015	Female C57BL/6 mice	Mice were given DSS in drinking water for 7 days to induce colitis.	Colonic mucosal samples	The amount of Akkermansia was significantly higher in the DSS group.	16s rRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR	Å. Håkansson et al.
2017	IL10-/- mice	Colitis-prone mice (IL10-/-).	Faecal sample	A. muciniphila was increased in colitis mice.	16S rRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR	Seregin et al.
2018	C57BL/6J epithelium-specific autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) knockout mice	Faecal samples of C57BL/6J Atg5−/− mice were collected for bacterial composition analysis.	Faecal samples	A. muciniphila was decreased, whereas pro-inflammatory bacteria and potential pathogens were increased.	16s rRNA sequencing	Yang et al.
2019	BALB/c mice	Mice were given intrarectal administration of 1 mg TNBS in 0.1 ml of 50% ethanol	Caecal flush	The abundance of A. muciniphila was decreased in TNBS-induced colitis mice.	16s rRNA sequencing	Alrafas et al.
2019	C57BL/6 mice	Male C57BL/6 mice. Were administered 2% (wt/vol) DSS from day 0-6.	Faecal samples	The abundance of A. muciniphila was decreased after disease induction.	16s rRNA sequencing	Bian et al.
2019	C57BL/6J mice	8 days of 2% DSS-containing water were given to induce colitis.	Faecal samples	The abundance of A. muciniphila was decreased in mice with colitis.	16s rRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR	Wang et al.
2019	Winnie-/- mice	Colitis-prone mice (Winnie-/- mice with Muc2 mutation).	Faecal samples	A. muciniphila was more abundant in Winnie mice than their wild type littermates.	16s rRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR	Liso et al.
2019	Cyp27b1−/− mice	Colitis-prone mice (Cyp27b1−/− with 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency)	Faecal samples	The level of A. muciniphila significantly increased after colitis onset	16s rRNA sequencing	Zhu et al.
2021	C57BL/6N mice	Chronic restraint stress (limiting mice in 50ml tube for 30 days) followed by 7 days of 2.5% DSS administration induced colitis in mice	Faecal samples	The abundance of A. muciniphila was decreased after disease induction.	16s rRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR	Gu et al.
2021	SD rats	3% DSS was orally administered for 7 days, followed by a 7-day recovery phase	Faecal sample	No significant difference in A. muciniphila.	16s rRNA sequencing	Mahoro et al.