Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for reporting any problems on EQ-5D-3L dimensions in 18 countries.
| Country | EQ-5D-3L dimension | Sex | 95% CI | Age# | 95% CI | Educational level | 95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Mobility | 1.37 | 0.98 | 1.91 | 1.64 | 1.46 | 1.84 | 1.05 | 0.70 | 1.58 |
| Self-care | 1.37 | 0.91 | 2.07 | 1.63 | 1.30 | 2.03 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 1.56 | |
| Usual activities | 1.47 | 1.13 | 1.91 | 1.50 | 1.33 | 1.68 | 1.17 | 0.83 | 1.65 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.31 | 1.05 | 1.63 | 1.31 | 1.22 | 1.42 | 1.19 | 0.88 | 1.63 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.63 | 1.04 | 2.55 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 0.60 | 1.82 | |
| China | Mobility | 1.18 | 0.95 | 1.45 | 1.71 | 1.58 | 1.84 | 1.89 | 1.46 | 2.46 |
| Self-care | 1.08 | 0.82 | 1.42 | 1.53 | 1.39 | 1.68 | 1.71 | 1.23 | 2.38 | |
| Usual activities | 1.20 | 0.97 | 1.48 | 1.55 | 1.44 | 1.67 | 2.47 | 1.89 | 3.23 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.67 | 1.43 | 1.95 | 1.55 | 1.47 | 1.63 | 1.54 | 1.29 | 1.83 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.19 | 1.01 | 1.40 | 1.23 | 1.17 | 1.30 | 2.36 | 1.95 | 2.86 | |
| Denmark | Mobility | 1.25 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.37 | 1.45 | 1.82 | 1.62 | 2.04 |
| Self-care | 1.25 | 1.02 | 1.53 | 1.51 | 1.42 | 1.59 | 1.89 | 1.49 | 2.40 | |
| Usual activities | 1.48 | 1.36 | 1.61 | 1.28 | 1.25 | 1.31 | 1.62 | 1.48 | 1.76 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.41 | 1.32 | 1.51 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 1.41 | 1.32 | 1.51 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.68 | 1.54 | 1.83 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.46 | |
| England | Mobility | 1.22 | 1.11 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.59 | 1.70 | 2.17 | 1.95 | 2.41 |
| Self-care | 1.19 | 1.02 | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 1.55 | 2.33 | 1.95 | 2.79 | |
| Usual activities | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.41 | 1.47 | 1.43 | 1.52 | 2.04 | 1.82 | 2.27 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.26 | 1.39 | 1.36 | 1.43 | 1.72 | 1.57 | 1.88 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.52 | 1.39 | 1.67 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.68 | |
| Finland | Mobility | 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.18 | 2.17 | 2.06 | 2.28 | 1.89 | 1.65 | 2.16 |
| Self-care | 0.96 | 0.80 | 1.15 | 2.24 | 2.08 | 2.41 | 1.78 | 1.46 | 2.17 | |
| Usual activities | 1.17 | 1.02 | 1.34 | 1.92 | 1.83 | 2.02 | 1.82 | 1.57 | 2.10 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.32 | 1.19 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.40 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 1.44 | 1.81 | |
| Anxiety/Depression | 1.26 | 1.08 | 1.46 | 1.16 | 1.10 | 1.22 | 1.50 | 1.28 | 1.77 | |
| France | Mobility | 1.63 | 1.22 | 2.17 | 1.91 | 1.73 | 2.10 | 1.36 | 0.97 | 1.89 |
| Self-Care | 0.94 | 0.59 | 1.49 | 1.68 | 1.43 | 1.99 | 1.51 | 0.86 | 2.65 | |
| Usual activities | 1.22 | 0.89 | 1.66 | 1.54 | 1.38 | 1.72 | 1.29 | 0.89 | 1.88 | |
| Pain/Discomfort | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.44 | 1.39 | 1.30 | 1.48 | 1.20 | 0.97 | 1.49 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.16 | 0.90 | 1.49 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 0.71 | 1.22 | |
| Germany | Mobility | 1.18 | 0.96 | 1.46 | 1.92 | 1.79 | 2.06 | 1.89 | 1.16 | 3.09 |
| Self-care | 1.47 | 0.90 | 2.39 | 2.17 | 1.84 | 2.57 | 1.91 | 1.00 | 3.67 | |
| Usual ACTIVITIES | 1.22 | 0.93 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 1.54 | 1.86 | 1.96 | 1.25 | 3.08 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.36 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 1.38 | 1.28 | 1.48 | 1.59 | 0.99 | 2.56 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.43 | 0.98 | 2.07 | 1.04 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.79 | 0.82 | 3.91 | |
| Greece | Mobility | 1.34 | 0.71 | 2.53 | 1.93 | 1.54 | 2.42 | 2.13 | 1.06 | 4.29 |
| Self-care | 4.76 | 1.75 | 13.01 | 2.58 | 1.76 | 3.78 | 1.54 | 0.55 | 4.33 | |
| Usual activities | 1.95 | 0.93 | 4.11 | 2.52 | 1.86 | 3.40 | 2.22 | 0.96 | 5.14 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.83 | 1.04 | 3.20 | 1.59 | 1.32 | 1.92 | 3.03 | 1.62 | 5.68 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.27 | 0.66 | 2.43 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 1.47 | 3.79 | 1.71 | 8.36 | |
| Hungary | Mobility | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.37 | 1.80 | 1.71 | 1.89 | 2.00 | 1.70 | 2.35 |
| Self-care | 0.84 | 0.66 | 1.08 | 1.84 | 1.69 | 2.00 | 2.61 | 2.00 | 3.40 | |
| Usual activities | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 1.64 | 1.56 | 1.73 | 2.35 | 1.97 | 2.80 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.45 | 1.28 | 1.64 | 1.48 | 1.43 | 1.54 | 1.95 | 1.71 | 2.23 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.71 | 1.51 | 1.93 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.29 | 1.98 | 1.74 | 2.26 | |
| Italy | Mobility | 1.44 | 1.15 | 1.79 | 2.25 | 2.07 | 2.45 | 1.78 | 1.30 | 2.43 |
| Self-care | 1.94 | 1.39 | 2.70 | 2.16 | 1.88 | 2.48 | 1.81 | 1.12 | 2.91 | |
| Usual activities | 1.77 | 1.41 | 2.20 | 1.91 | 1.76 | 2.07 | 2.00 | 1.46 | 2.75 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.74 | 1.50 | 2.02 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.60 | 1.47 | 1.24 | 1.75 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 2.26 | 1.81 | 2.81 | 1.25 | 1.17 | 1.35 | 1.20 | 0.90 | 1.59 | |
| Korea | Mobility | 2.40 | 1.37 | 4.22 | 1.66 | 1.29 | 2.15 | 3.56 | 1.81 | 7.03 |
| Self-care | 6.53 | 0.77 | 55.11 | 3.52 | 1.44 | 8.64 | 3.34 | 0.31 | 35.97 | |
| Usual activities | 1.67 | 0.87 | 3.20 | 1.60 | 1.17 | 2.18 | 6.72 | 2.77 | 16.27 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.73 | 1.28 | 2.34 | 1.63 | 1.42 | 1.86 | 2.51 | 1.70 | 3.71 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 2.05 | 1.51 | 2.80 | 1.31 | 1.14 | 1.49 | 1.42 | 0.93 | 2.16 | |
| Netherlands | Mobility | 1.60 | 1.12 | 2.29 | 1.53 | 1.37 | 1.70 | 1.38 | 0.95 | 2.01 |
| Self-care | 2.93 | 1.60 | 5.39 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 1.72 | 1.08 | 0.55 | 2.13 | |
| Usual activities | 1.97 | 1.43 | 2.71 | 1.30 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 1.14 | 0.82 | 1.60 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.42 | 1.13 | 1.78 | 1.22 | 1.13 | 1.31 | 1.06 | 0.84 | 1.35 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 2.12 | 1.08 | 4.15 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 1.01 | 2.41 | 1.07 | 5.46 | |
| New | Mobility | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.40 | 1.75 | 1.58 | 1.93 | 1.26 | 0.92 | 1.73 |
| Zealand | Self-care | 0.77 | 0.45 | 1.33 | 1.76 | 1.46 | 2.13 | 1.28 | 0.73 | 2.25 |
| Usual activities | 1.11 | 0.83 | 1.47 | 1.58 | 1.44 | 1.73 | 1.09 | 0.80 | 1.48 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.08 | 0.86 | 1.37 | 1.45 | 1.34 | 1.56 | 1.29 | 0.99 | 1.68 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.43 | 1.08 | 1.89 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 1.27 | 0.94 | 1.71 | |
| Slovenia | Mobility | 0.70 | 0.48 | 1.02 | 1.95 | 1.72 | 2.20 | 4.48 | 2.64 | 7.58 |
| Self-care | 0.87 | 0.54 | 1.39 | 1.67 | 1.45 | 1.93 | 3.89 | 2.30 | 6.58 | |
| Usual activities | 0.93 | 0.66 | 1.31 | 1.51 | 1.37 | 1.68 | 3.29 | 2.04 | 5.31 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.04 | 0.76 | 1.43 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.67 | 2.30 | 1.39 | 3.81 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.13 | 0.83 | 1.54 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 1.66 | 1.06 | 2.59 | |
| Spain | Mobility | 1.61 | 1.30 | 2.00 | 1.91 | 1.78 | 2.06 | 1.46 | 1.10 | 1.96 |
| Self-care | 2.02 | 1.36 | 3.01 | 1.79 | 1.58 | 2.03 | 2.12 | 1.20 | 3.74 | |
| Usual activities | 1.76 | 1.39 | 2.24 | 1.63 | 1.51 | 1.75 | 1.37 | 1.01 | 1.88 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.71 | 1.43 | 2.05 | 1.34 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.15 | 1.73 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.86 | 1.41 | 2.46 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.23 | 1.48 | 1.10 | 2.01 | |
| Sweden | Mobility | 1.37 | 0.71 | 2.61 | 1.68 | 1.34 | 2.11 | 1.36 | 0.67 | 2.75 |
| Self-care | 3.06 | 0.60 | 15.69 | 1.39 | 0.83 | 2.32 | 11.63 | 1.24 | 109.0 | |
| Usual activities | 0.97 | 0.51 | 1.87 | 1.27 | 1.03 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 0.77 | 3.26 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.11 | 0.77 | 1.62 | 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.42 | 2.05 | 1.33 | 3.16 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.74 | 1.16 | 2.63 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 1.07 | 1.41 | 0.87 | 2.28 | |
| Thailand* | Mobility | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.67 | 1.57 | 1.42 | 1.72 | - | - | - |
| Self-care | 0.93 | 0.64 | 1.36 | 1.40 | 1.22 | 1.61 | - | - | - | |
| Usual activities | 0.97 | 0.75 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.11 | 1.34 | - | - | - | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.37 | 1.09 | 1.71 | 1.31 | 1.20 | 1.43 | - | - | - | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.44 | 1.17 | 1.79 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.23 | - | - | - | |
| United | Mobility | 0.90 | 0.75 | 1.09 | 1.65 | 1.56 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.37 | 2.06 |
| Kingdom | Self-care | 0.80 | 0.57 | 1.13 | 1.45 | 1.30 | 1.62 | 1.85 | 1.26 | 2.71 |
| Usual activities | 0.88 | 0.72 | 1.07 | 1.40 | 1.32 | 1.48 | 1.56 | 1.27 | 1.92 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.19 | 1.39 | 1.33 | 1.46 | 1.77 | 1.50 | 2.09 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.35 | 1.14 | 1.61 | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.52 | 1.26 | 1.82 | |
| United States | Mobility | 1.25 | 1.17 | 1.34 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 1.77 | 1.96 | 1.80 | 2.14 |
| Self-care | 1.04 | 0.93 | 1.16 | 1.61 | 1.55 | 1.68 | 2.33 | 2.06 | 2.63 | |
| Usual activities | 1.43 | 1.35 | 1.52 | 1.54 | 1.51 | 1.57 | 1.84 | 1.69 | 2.01 | |
| Pain/discomfort | 1.30 | 1.24 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 1.43 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.35 | 1.57 | |
| Anxiety/depression | 1.49 | 1.42 | 1.57 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.51 | |
*
Education variable not available.
#
Age was defined by 10-year age groups 18–24; 25–34; 35–44; 45–54; 55–64; 65–74; 75+ (reference group 18–24 years); sex was recorded as a categorical variable (reference group males); educational level in each country was categorized into low (equivalent to primary), medium (equivalent to secondary) and high (equivalent to levels above secondary education) and dichotomised (reference group medium/high).