Table 5.
Subgroup analysis results for voxel-based morphometry and fMRI studies in ADHD (pediatrics group).
| Contrast | Anatomical region | MNI coordinates | SDM Z-score | P-value | Number of voxels | Clusters'breakdown (number of voxels) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Y | Z | ||||||
| VBM RESULTS | ||||||||
| ADHD<control | ||||||||
| L superior frontal gyrus, medial | −10 | 50 | 14 | −2.779 | 0.000056744 | 1,119 | L anterior cingulate, paracingulate gyri (BA 32, 10, 11) (362) | |
| L superior frontal gyrus, medial (BA 10, 32) (284) | ||||||||
| L superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral (BA 10, 46) (123) | ||||||||
| R anterior cingulate, paracingulate gyri (BA 11, 32, 10) (114) | ||||||||
| R superior frontal gyrus, medial (BA 10, 11) (46) | ||||||||
| Corpus callosum (113) | ||||||||
| L median cingulate/paracingulate gyri | 0 | −20 | 36 | −1.824 | 0.001692772 | 370 | L median cingulate/paracingulate gyri (BA 23) (170) | |
| R median cingulate/paracingulate gyri (BA 23) (100) | ||||||||
| L median network, cingulum (49) | ||||||||
| R superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral | 28 | 66 | 2 | −2.411 | 0.000175476 | 260 | R superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral (BA 11, 10) (192) | |
| R superior frontal gyrus, orbital part (BA 11) (27) | ||||||||
| R middle frontal gyrus (BA 10) (24) | ||||||||
| L inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part | −26 | 16 | −24 | −2.518 | 0.000149667 | 234 | L inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part (BA 38, 11) (110) | |
| L superior temporal gyrus (BA 38) (69) | ||||||||
| L insula (BA 48, 47) (38) | ||||||||
| R superior temporal gyrus | 52 | 4 | −8 | −1.572 | 0.003648698 | 61 | R superior temporal gyrus (BA 38, 21) (57) | |
| L middle frontal gyrus | −36 | 16 | 48 | −1.777 | 0.002043664 | 31 | L middle frontal gyrus (BA 9) (24) | |
| L middle frontal gyrus | −46 | 12 | 38 | −1.693 | 0.002564907 | 25 | L middle frontal gyrus (BA 44) (20) | |
| ADHD > control | ||||||||
| R caudate nucleus | 12 | 20 | 2 | 1.622 | 0.000000000 | 468 | R anterior thalamic projections (168) | |
| R caudate nucleus (BA 25) (203) | ||||||||
| L striatum (32) | ||||||||
| L middle occipital gyrus | 38 | −78 | 2 | 1.182 | 0.000082552 | 351 | L middle occipital gyrus (BA 19, 18) (246) | |
| fMRI RESULTS | ||||||||
| ADHD<control | ||||||||
| L superior temporal gyrus | −34 | 14 | −26 | −3.087 | 0.000005186 | 503 | L superior temporal gyrus (BA 38, 20) (307) | |
| L inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part (BA 38, 47) (67) | ||||||||
| L insula (BA 48, 38) (45) | ||||||||
| L middle temporal gyrus (BA 38) (25) | ||||||||
| L inferior temporal gyrus | −48 | −54 | −8 | −2.839 | 0.000072241 | 258 | L inferior temporal gyrus (BA 37, 20) (158) | |
| L middle temporal gyrus (BA 37, 20) (53) | ||||||||
| L inferior network, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (24) | ||||||||
| L middle frontal gyrus | −24 | 40 | 34 | −2.902 | 0.000030994 | 223 | L superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral (BA 9) (80) | |
| L middle frontal gyrus (BA 46, 9) (119) | ||||||||
| Corpus callosum (24) | ||||||||
| L superior frontal gyrus, medial | −8 | 54 | 38 | −2.308 | 0.001346946 | 61 | L superior frontal gyrus, medial (BA 9, 10) (52) | |
| R precentral gyrus | 40 | −20 | 54 | −1.933 | 0.003581583 | 62 | R precentral gyrus (BA 4, 6) (52) | |
| R arcuate network, posterior segment | 44 | −44 | 16 | −2.492 | 0.000645101 | 40 | R arcuate network, posterior segment (17) | |
| Corpus callosum | −12 | 38 | 30 | −2.569 | 0.000433505 | 22 | Corpus callosum (18) | |
| ADHD > control | ||||||||
| R insula | 48 | 12 | −6 | 1.751 | 0.000211596 | 914 | R insula (BA 48, 47, 38) (493) | |
| L middle occipital gyrus | −42 | −80 | −8 | 1.352 | 0.002601027 | 136 | L middle occipital gyrus (BA 19) (46) | |
| L cerebellum, hemispheric lobule VI (BA 18) (32) | ||||||||
| L fusiform gyrus (BA 18, 19) (49) | ||||||||
| L precuneus | −6 | −64 | 52 | 1.314 | 0.003158391 | 33 | L precuneus (BA 7) (33) | |
| R fusiform gyrus | 24 | −76 | −14 | 1.319 | 0.003096461 | 21 | R fusiform gyrus (BA 18) (19) | |