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. 2023 Jan 6;13:1102013. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1102013

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Copyright © 2023 Iqbal, Nishimura, Haider and Yoshizawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Location of the sampling areas and sampling strategy. (A) Samples were collected from Z. marina beds growing at Futtsu clam-digging beach, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, in July and September 2019. (B) At each sampling time, samples were collected from Z. marina plant parts (PP), such as the phyllosphere/leaves (1–4; L1, L2, L3, and L4), rooting zone (5; RR: root-rhizome), and surrounding environments (ESW, eelgrass surrounding water; RS, rhizosphere sediment) and control environment (BSW, bulk seawater; BS, bulk sediment). Within the phyllosphere sample, L1 is considered the youngest leaves, followed by older leaves L2 and L3, whereas L4 is the decayed leaves. Seawater samples were filtered for seawater microenvironment (i.e., T: total (PA + FL); PA, particle-associated; FL, free-living fraction; *white fonts).