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. 2023 Jan 6;12:1023565. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023565

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Copyright © 2023 Mirza, Bhadresha, Mughal, McCabe, Shahbazi, Ruff and Penny

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles and application of exosomes. Tumor-derived exosomes promote cancer growth and metastasis. Through multiple mechanisms, they participate in cancer growth and metastasis by reshaping TME resulting into EMT, cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. Exosomes derived from cancer cells are enriched with proteins, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, DNA etc. that are more abundant in cancer cells than in normal cells. Thus, exosomes may be used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prediction, and treatment.