Table 2.
Cross-sectional analysis of white blood cell counts, cytokines and complement activation markers between post COVID-19 (PCC) groups.
| LDL (pg/mL) | COVID+ PCC+ (n=180) | COVID+ PCC-(n=187) | COVID- PCC+ (n=38) | COVID- PCC-(n=43) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma TNF, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I |
3.0 | 6.9 (14) 5.6 to 9.4 |
9.4 (15.3) 6.9 to 10.7 |
8.2 (14.2) 0.44 to 10 |
0.49 (14) 0.32 to 7.4 |
0.07* |
| Plasma MCP-1, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
0.40 | 5.0 (3.6) 4.4 to 5.6 |
5.2 (3.5) 4.9 to 5.7 |
2.7 (3.4) 1.8 to 3.5 |
1.7 (4.9) 1.1 to 3.0 |
0.0001* |
| Plasma IP-10, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
1.0 | 106 (64) 100 to 114 |
104 (68) 97 to 116 |
97 (49) 82 to 112 |
90 (62) 72 to 105 |
0.10* |
| Plasma Eotaxin, pg/mL – mean (SD) C.I. |
0.30 | 15 (6.7) 14 to 16 |
16 (6.6) 15 to 16 |
11 (5.0) 10 to 13 |
11 (6.6) 9.2 to 13.2 |
0.0001° |
| Plasma MIP-1β, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
0.30 | 28 (35) 24 to 34 |
27 (37) 24 to 31 |
25 (38) 15 to 34 |
23 (25) 16 to 30 |
0.22* |
| Plasma RANTES, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
3.0 | 141 (174) 124 to 162 |
139 (154) 127 to 152 |
100 (198) 90 to 182 |
129 (132) 88 to 147 |
0.28* |
| Plasma IL-9, pg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
2.0 | 100 (153) 83 to 125 |
96 (150) 82 to 110 |
74 (179) 54 to 151 |
75 (86) 51 to 97 |
0.24* |
| Plasma GDF-15, ng/mL mean (SD) C.I. |
0.45 (0.14) 0.44 to 0.47 |
0.44 (0.11) 0.42 to 0.46 |
0.44 (0.11) 0.40 to 0.47 |
0.44 (0.12) 0.40 to 0.47 |
0.61° | |
| Plasma hs-CRP, μg/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
1.3 (5.3) 0.98 to 1.82 |
1.2 (3.0) 0.83 to 1.5 |
1.8 (4.6) 0.83 to 3.1 |
2.7 (5.6) 0.95 to 4.6 |
0.20* | |
| Plasma C3bc, ng/mL – mean (SD) C.I. |
3.9 (1.3) 3.7 to 4.1 |
3.9 (1.6) 3.6 to 4.1 |
3.3 (1.2) 2.9 to 3.7 |
3.8 (1.7) 3.2 to 4.3 |
0.19° | |
| Plasma TCC, CAU/mL – median (IQR) C.I. |
0.2 (0.2) 0.2 to 0.2 |
0.19 (0.13) 0.18 to 0.20 |
0.2 (0.15) 0.15 to 0.24 |
0.18 (0.21) 0.14 to 0.26 |
0.99* | |
| Blood Leukocyte count, 109 cells/L - mean (SD) C.I. |
6.3 (1.8) 6.1 to 6.6 |
5.9 (1.7) 5.6 to 6.1 |
5.9 (1.7) 5.3 to 6.5 |
5.9 (1.36) 5.4 to 6.3 |
0.08° | |
| Blood Lymphocyte count, 109 cells/L - mean (SD) C.I. |
2.0 (0.5) 1.9 to 2.1 |
2.0 (0.58) 1.9 to 2.1 |
1.9 (0.44) 1.8 to 2.1 |
2.0 (0.45) 1.9 to 2.1 |
0.90° | |
| Blood Monocyte count, 109 cells/L - mean (SD) C.I. |
0.50 (0.16) 0.47 to 0.51 |
0.5 (0.1) 0.4 to 0.5 |
0.46 (0.13) 0.42 to 0.51 |
0.45 (0.13) 0.41 to 0.50 |
0.30° | |
| Blood Neutrophil count, 109 cells/L – mean (SD) C.I. |
3.7 (1.6) 3.4 to 3.9 |
3.2 (1.4) 3.0 to 3.4 |
3.3 (1.4) 2.8 to 3.8 |
3.2 (1.14) 2.9 to 3.6 |
0.03° | |
| Blood Eosinophil count, 109 cells/L - mean (SD) C.I. |
0.19 (0.14) 0.17 to 0.21 |
0.19 (0.22) 0.16 to 0.22 |
0.20 (0.16) 0.14 to 0.25 |
0.19 (0.16) 0.14 to 0.24 |
0.99° | |
| Blood Platelets count, 109 cells/L - mean (SD) C.I. |
276 (59) 267 to 285 |
264 (58) 255 to 273 |
288 (65) 267 to 310 |
266 (50) 250 to 281 |
0.06° | |
| Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio – mean (SD) C.I. |
1.94 (1.06) 1.79 to 2.10 |
1.7 (0.88) 1.6 to 1.8 |
1.8 (0.72) 1.5 to 2.0 |
1.7 (0.67) 1.5 to 1.9 |
0.07° | |
| SII - median (IQR) C.I. |
445 (318) 411 to 475 |
382 (261) 351 to 415 |
451 (345) 361 to 562 |
386 (315) 321 to 488 |
0.0095* | |
Based upon Chi Square test; *Based upon Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis; °based upon one way ANOVA analysis; LDL, lower detection limit for multiplex assay; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; GDF, growth/differentiation factor; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; IP, interferon gamma-induced protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; hsCRP, high-sensitive assay of C-reactive protein; RANTES, Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; C3b, complement component 3 part bc; TCC, terminal complement complex; CAU, complement activation unit; SII, Systemic inflammatory index = Neutrophils x Platelets/Lymphocytes; Statistically significant p-values after application of Benjamini Hochberg correction (FDR 0,05) for multiple testing are highlighted in bold.