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. 2023 Jan 20;27:4. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00342-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Synthesis and biomedical application of verapamil-loaded CLCMP (Vera@CLCMP) hydrogel patches. A Schematic illustration of Vera@CLCMP hydrogel patch attached to the mouse dorsal skin. Controlled release of the loaded verapamil in the superporous hydrogel system permeates to the stratum corneum or even deep dermis, thus reversing diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Vera@CLCMP patches attenuate obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation by improving autophagic clearance through regulation of CaMKII activity and NLRP3-inflammasome activation in hepatocytes. B Chemical structures schemes of Vera@CLCMP hydrogel patches