. 2023 Jan 20;69:43–56. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.005

Table 1.

Viral and host function of coronavirus genes.

Gene	Start	Stop	Size	Protein	Protein Similarity	Viral Function	Host Factor	References
S (SARS-CoV-1)	21,492	25,259	3768	Spike Protein	75.96%	Facilitates viral entry and replication	Induces apoptosis	Chow et al., 2005, Jin and Zheng, 2009
S (SARS-CoV-2)	21,563	25,384	3821	Spike Protein	75.96%	Facilitates viral entry and replication	Induces apoptosis	Chow et al., 2005, Jin and Zheng, 2009
SARS3a (SARS-CoV-1)	25,268	26,092	825	Hypothetical protein sars3a	72.36%	Antiviral interferon (IFN) response	Induces Necrosis and apoptosis	Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007, Law et al., 2005
ORF3a (SARS-CoV-2)	25,393	26,220	827	Hypothetical protein sars3a	72.36%	Antiviral interferon (IFN) response	Induces Necrosis and apoptosis	Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007, Law et al., 2005
SARS3b (SARS-CoV-1)	25,689	26,153	465	Hypothetical protein sars3b	–	Antiviral interferon (IFN) response	Induces both necrosis and apoptosis	Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007
E (SARS-CoV-1)	26,117	26,347	231	Envelope protein	94.74%	Controls viral replication, inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein	Stress response and apoptosis pathways	DeDiego et al., 2011, Yang et al., 2005
E (SARS-CoV-2)	26,245	26,472	227	Envelope protein	94.74%		Stress response and apoptosis pathways	DeDiego et al., 2011, Yang et al., 2005
M (SARS-CoV-1)	26,398	27,063	666	Matrix protein	90.54%	Defines the shape of the viral envelope, Allow the budding of virions	Pro-apoptotic functions in host cells	Neuman et al., 2011, Tsoi et al., 2014
M (SARS-CoV-2)	26,523	27,191	668	Matrix protein	90.54%		Pro-apoptotic functions in host cells	Neuman et al., 2011, Tsoi et al., 2014
SARS6 (SARS-CoV-1)	26,913	27,265	353	Hypothetical protein sars6	68.85%	Reduces production of INF	Induces host cell apoptosis	Neuman et al., 2011, Ye et al., 2008
ORF6 (SARS-CoV-2)	27,202	27,387	185	Hypothetical protein sars6	68.85%	Reduces production of INF	Induces host cell apoptosis	Neuman et al., 2011, Ye et al., 2008
SARS7a (SARS-CoV-1)	27,273	27,641	369	Hypothetical protein sars7a	85.25%	Activates antiviral signaling	Caspase-dependent apoptosis	Tan et al., 2007
ORF7a (SARS-CoV-2)	27,394	27,759	365	Hypothetical protein sars7a	85.25%	Activates antiviral signaling	Caspase-dependent apoptosis	Tan et al., 2007
SARS7b (SARS-CoV-1)	27,638	27,772	135	Hypothetical protein sars7b	85.37%	Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection	Induces apoptosis	Schaecher et al., 2007a
ORF7b (SARS-CoV-2)	27,756	27,887	131	Hypothetical protein sars7b	85.37%	Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection	Induces apoptosis	Schaecher et al., 2007a
SARS8a (SARS-CoV-1)	27,779	27,898	120	Hypothetical protein sars8a	–	Viral replication	Induces apoptosis	Chen et al., 2007, Shi et al., 2019a
ORF8 (SARS-CoV-2)	27,894	28,259	365	ORF8 protein	–	Viral replication	Induces apoptosis	Chen et al., 2007, Shi et al., 2019a
SARS8b (SARS-CoV-1)	27,864	28,118	255	Hypothetical protein sars8b	–	Viral replication	Activation of autophagy	Chen et al., 2007, Shi et al., 2019a
N (SARS-CoV-1)	28,120	29,388	1269	Nucleocapsid protein	90.52%	Actin reorganization	Antagonist of IFN signaling	Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007, Surjit et al., 2004
N (SARS-CoV-2)	28,274	29,533	1259	Nucleocapsid protein	90.52%	Actin reorganization	Antagonist of IFN signaling	Kopecky-Bromberg et al., 2007, Surjit et al., 2004
SARS9b (SARS-CoV-1)	28,130	28,426	297	Hypothetical protein sars9b	–	Suppress the innate immunity	Induces apoptosis	Shi et al., 2014b
ORF10 (SARS-CoV-2)	29,558	29,674	116	ORF10 protein	–	–	–	–