Table 3.

Coronavirus genes and mitochondrial targeting.

Gene	Mitochondrial Function	References
ORF1ab	Cause disruption of mitochondrial morphology	Freundt et al., 2009
S	Prevents mitochondria-driven apoptosis when the virus is uncoated inside the cell	Kalashnyk et al., 2021
ORF3a	Affect mitochondrial function to induce apoptosis. ORF3a induces mitochondrial damage leading to activation of NLRP3 inflammasome	Law et al., 2005, Shi et al., 2014
ORF3b	Activation of mitochondria-mediated anti-viral response. ORF3b at first accumulates within the nucleolus and then gets translocated to the OMM and demonstrated to take part in G0/G1 arrest and induction of apoptosis	McBride and Fielding, 2012a
E	Reduce mitochondrial stress. Regulates nuclear-encoded genes associated with mitochondrial functions to regulate stress response and apoptosis	DeDiego et al., 2011
M	Induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, also induces apoptosis via altering the expression of PDK-1 and Akt kinase and the release of cytochrome c	Surjit et al., 2004, Tsoi et al., 2014
ORF6	Activation of the mitochondrial signaling pathway. Involves in activation of caspase 3 with involvement of mitochondria to induce host cell apoptosis	Sawicki et al., 2005
ORF7a	Involved in Caspase-dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis	Tan et al., 2007
ORF7b	Involved in Caspase-dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis	Tan et al., 2007
ORF8a	ORF8a is localized inside the mitochondria and induced MMP and rROS production. Involved in Caspase-3 dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis	Chen et al., 2007
ORF8b	Involve in mitochondrial dysfunction, damage to the lysosome, and activation of autophagy	Shi et al., 2019b
N	Reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS production, and apoptosis induction by cytochrome release into the cytoplasm	Zhang et al., 2007
ORF9b	Induces both structural and functional changes to the mitochondria also induces apoptosis	Shi et al., 2014