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. 2023 Jan 19;21:21. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01770-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Characterization of nanoparticles. A Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), B hydrated particle size, and C zeta potential of CeO₂ and D-CeO₂. D FT-IR spectra. E XRD patterns. Analysis of the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio in G CeO₂ and F D-CeO₂ by XPS. Superoxide anion scavenging by SOD-mimicking ability in different concentrations of D-CeO₂ was analyzed using H ESR and I NBT methods. J Oxygen generation from H₂O₂ (120 mM) catalyzed by CAT-mimicking activity of D-CeO₂