Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jan 20;21(1):e07704. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704

Study name Country Reference Follow‐up Study design Funding	Original cohort (N total) Exclusion criteria Study population (n, sex and age at baseline^(a))	Outcome assessed	Exposure groups^(a) n	Model covariates	Results
PROGRESS Mexico Kupsco et al. (2019) 4–6 yr Prospective cohort Public	N = 609 mother–child pairs Population sampled: pregnant women (recruited before 20 wk gestation) and their child Excluded: < 18 yr old, heart or kidney disease, no telephone, use steroids or anti‐epilepsy drugs, and consume alcohol on a daily basis; not attending 4–6 yr follow up visit n = 466 mother–child pairs Sex (% F): 49 Ethnicity: Hispanic Mothers' age (yr): 28 ± 5.6 (18–44)	Children fasting blood sampled at 4–6 yr visit (4.8 ± 0.55) and HbA1c analysed	Maternal blood Se at 2nd trimester (μg/dL) 25 ± 4.5 (12.4, 65.2)	birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, pre‐pregnancy BMI, education, socioeconomic status, parity, environmental tobacco smoke, date of the follow‐up visit	HbA1c, β‐coefficient (95% CI) −0.17, (−0.68, 0.34); p = 0.51
MONICA S3/KORA F3 Germany Schwab et al. (2015) 10 yr Prospective cohort Public	N = 3,006 Population sampled: general population resident in Augsburg, aged 25–74 yr Excluded: diabetic individuals at baseline n = 2,774 Sex (% F): 52 Ethnicity: Caucasian Age (yr): 25–74	Fasting blood sampled at baseline and 10‐yr follow up visit and HbA1c analysed	Se‐supplement intake assessed through personal interview (μg/d) No intake: ref T1: < 50 T2: 50 to < 75 T3: ≥ 75	Model 1: sex and age Model 2: Model 1+ BMI, waist–hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, healthy diet, total/HDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes of the father, diabetes of the mother, intake of HbA1c increasing medication.	β‐coefficient (95% CI), difference in change in HbA1c compared with the reference group “no intake” Model 1 T1: 0.02 (−0.19, 0.23) T2: −0.02 (−0.33, 0.30) T3: 0.09 (−0.18, 0.37) Model 2 T1: −0.03 (−0.20, 0.15) T2: −0.06 (−0.36, 0.25) T3: 0.09 (−0.21, 0.39)

Study name

Country

Reference

Follow‐up

Study design

Funding

Original cohort (N total)

Exclusion criteria

Study population (n, sex and age at baseline^(a))

Outcome assessed

Exposure groups^(a)

Model covariates

Results

PROGRESS

Mexico

Kupsco et al. (2019)

4–6 yr

Prospective cohort

Public

N = 609 mother–child pairs

Population sampled: pregnant women (recruited before 20 wk gestation) and their child

Excluded: < 18 yr old, heart or kidney disease, no telephone, use steroids or anti‐epilepsy drugs, and consume alcohol on a daily basis; not attending 4–6 yr follow up visit

n = 466 mother–child pairs

Sex (% F): 49

Ethnicity: Hispanic

Mothers' age (yr): 28 ± 5.6 (18–44)

Children fasting blood sampled at 4–6 yr visit (4.8 ± 0.55) and HbA1c analysed

Maternal blood Se at 2nd trimester (μg/dL)

25 ± 4.5 (12.4, 65.2)

birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, pre‐pregnancy BMI, education, socioeconomic status, parity, environmental tobacco smoke, date of the follow‐up visit

HbA1c, β‐coefficient (95% CI)

−0.17, (−0.68, 0.34); p = 0.51

MONICA S3/KORA F3

Germany

Schwab et al. (2015)

10 yr

Prospective cohort

Public

N = 3,006

Population sampled: general population resident in Augsburg, aged 25–74 yr Excluded: diabetic individuals at baseline

n = 2,774

Sex (% F): 52

Ethnicity: Caucasian

Age (yr): 25–74

Fasting blood sampled at baseline and 10‐yr follow up visit and HbA1c analysed

Se‐supplement intake assessed through personal interview (μg/d)

No intake: ref

T1: < 50

T2: 50 to < 75

T3: ≥ 75

Model 1: sex and age

Model 2: Model 1+ BMI, waist–hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, healthy diet, total/HDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes of the father, diabetes of the mother, intake of HbA1c increasing medication.

β‐coefficient (95% CI), difference in change in HbA1c compared with the reference group “no intake”

Model 1

T1: 0.02 (−0.19, 0.23)

T2: −0.02 (−0.33, 0.30)

T3: 0.09 (−0.18, 0.37)

Model 2

T1: −0.03 (−0.20, 0.15)

T2: −0.06 (−0.36, 0.25)

T3: 0.09 (−0.21, 0.39)

CI: confidence interval; F: females; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; KORA: Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg F3 survey; MONICA: Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases S3 survey; PROGRESS: Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress birth study; Tx: tertile x; yr: year.

(a) Mean ± SD (range), unless specified otherwise.