Table 2.

Mechanism of selenium yeast on heavy metals poisoning

Heavy metals	Injury site	Protective mechanism of selenium yeast	Ref.
Cd	Layers kidney	Significantly increases the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in serum and liver, decreases the level of MDA to inhibit oxidative stress; reverses the expression of MLKL, RIp1, RIP3, ERK, JNK, and P38 mRNA induced by Cd, and increases the expression level of caspase8 mRNA	[131]
	Broiler liver	Inhibits the expression of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL, prevents the accumulation of cadmium in the kidney to reduce necrosis; activates the expression of miR-26a-5p, downregulates the expression of PTEN, upregulates PI3K/AKT signal pathway, to inhibit oxidative stress; specifically reduces the expression level of HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90	[132]
	Layers liver	Significantly reduces cadmium accumulation, NO production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, inflammatory factors, HSPs (HSP 27, 40, 60, 70, and 90) mRNA and protein expression levels induced by cadmium to inhibit inflammation	[133]
	Layers liver	Downregulates the levels of NLRP3, Caspas-1 and IL-1 β and IL-18, restores antioxidant level and selenoprotein expression level, and reduces hepatocyte apoptosis	[134]
	Porcine jejunal epithelial cells	Significantly improves cell viability and protects cells from cadmium-induced DNA breakage and apoptosis	[135]
Pb	Broiler skeletal muscles	Reverses the increase of nitric oxide concentration and iNOS activity induced by pb, and reduces the expression level of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ	[136]
Cr	Broiler spleen	Increases the index of spleen organs; increases the level of SOD and GSH, reduces the content of MDA, and alleviate the histopathological damage; significantly increases the content of T-globulin IgA, IgM, and IgG, and reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines	[137]
	Broiler kidney	Alleviates the morphological and structural damage of renal tubules and glomeruli, and reduces the organ index, creatinine level and blood urea nitrogen level of the kidney; increases the levels of SOD and GSH, reduces the level of MDA to alleviate oxidative stress; recovers the levels of p53, c-Myc, Bax, Cyt-c, caspase-9, and caspase-3	[138]