Figure 2.
Modulation of iNOS expression by polyphenols involving the downregulation of upstream kinases and NF-κB. Abbreviations: IKK—IĸB kinase; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; IκB—inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO—nitric oxide; O2●−—superoxide anion; ONOO−—peroxynitrite; PI3K—inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate kinase; and TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-α.