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Genetic encoding and biosynthesis of PIA. PIA is synthesized from the product of icaADBC operon. IcaA and IcaD are two membrane proteins that polymerize N-acetylglucosamine from the activated precursor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine monomers. This chain may be exported by the membrane protein IcaC. IcaB is an acetylase attached to the outer surface of bacteria. By deacetylation of residues, IcaB introduces a positive charge into the originally neutral PIA molecule [41].
